TEAS A&P

• Anterior


  Towards the front
• Posterior


  Towards the back
• Superior


  Towards the head
• Inferior


  Towards the feet
• Medial


  Towards the midline
• Lateral


  Away from the midline
• Proximal


  Closer to the trunk of the body
• Distal


  Further away from the trunk of the body
• Anatomical planes


  • Sagittal/Median (vertical, divides right and left)
  • Frontal/Coronal (vertical, divides anterior and posterior)
  • Transverse (horizontal, divides superior and inferior)
• Respiratory system


  • Responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide
  • Includes nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli
• Breathing in (inhalation)

  Diaphragm contracts and moves down, increasing thoracic volume and decreasing pressure, pulling in oxygen
• Breathing out (exhalation)

  Diaphragm relaxes and moves up, decreasing thoracic volume and increasing pressure, releasing carbon dioxide
• Factors affecting respiratory system

  • Diseases (pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma)
  • Mucus buildup
  • Smoking
  • Pollution and dust
  • Allergies and inflammation
• Cardiovascular system


  • Includes the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood
  • Heart has 4 chambers (right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle)
• Cardiac cycle

  1. Systole (heart contraction and blood pumping out)

  2. Diastole (heart relaxation and blood filling in)
• Sinoatrial (SA) node


  Primary pacemaker of the heart, sets normal heart rate of 60-100 bpm
• Atrioventricular (AV) node


  Secondary pacemaker, beats at 40-60 bpm if SA node fails
• Purkinje fibers


  Last resort pacemaker, beats at 20-40 bpm if both SA and AV nodes fail
• The cardiovascular system is a closed system, with blood staying within the blood vessels
• Purkinje fibers


  Located at the bottom along the ventricular walls, beat at 20-40 beats per minute as a last ditch effort when the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes have given up
• The cardiovascular system is a closed system, where the blood stays within the vessels and does not leak out under normal conditions
• Blood flow through the cardiovascular system

  1. Blood is pumped from the lungs to the left atrium, down to the left ventricle, out through the aorta to the body

  2. Blood flows through the capillaries, exchanges oxygen and nutrients for carbon dioxide and waste

  3. Deoxygenated blood is transported through the veins back to the right atrium, right ventricle, and back to the lungs
• Functions of the cardiovascular system

  • Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells, removal of carbon dioxide and waste
  • Maintaining blood pressure
  • Maintaining body temperature
  • Maintaining pH
  • Transporting hormones
  • Fighting infections
  • Aiding digestion
  • Assisting tissue repair
• Digestive system

  Composed of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum) and accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
• Digestion of food

  1. Mechanical digestion in the mouth

  2. Chemical digestion initiated in the mouth, continued in the stomach and small intestine

  3. Food travels through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and is eliminated through the rectum
• Gastrin


  Hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates gastric juice production
• Cholecystokinin (CCK)


  Hormone produced by the small intestine that stimulates release of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver
• Secretin


  Hormone produced by the small intestine that stimulates production of bicarbonate from the liver
• Insulin


  Hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels
• Glucagon


  Hormone produced by the pancreas that helps release glucose from the liver
• Bile


  Fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that breaks down fats in the small intestine
• Divisions of the nervous system

  • Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
  • Peripheral nervous system (nerves branching off the spinal cord)
• Neuron


  Basic unit of the nervous system, composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon
• Types of neurons

  • Sensory (afferent) neurons
  • Motor (efferent) neurons
• Nervous system subdivisions

  • Autonomic (involuntary)
  • Somatic (voluntary)
• Types of muscle tissue

  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
• Function of muscle tissue

  Generates force by contracting to produce movement of the body
• Male reproductive structures

  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Penis
• Female reproductive structures

  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Vulva
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)


  Produced by the hypothalamus, stimulates release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland