CH1 (ANAPHY - CHARAC OF LIFE)

• Anatomy


  The investigation of body structure
• Physiology


  The investigation of the processes and functions of the human body
• Human Physiology


  Studies the human organism
• Systemic Physiology


  Studies the body-organ systems
• Cellular Physiology


  Studies the body's cells
• Importance of Anatomy & Physiology

  • Understands how the body responds to stimuli, environmental changes, environmental cues, disease & injury
• Types of Anatomy


  • Systemic Anatomy
  • Surface Anatomy
  • Regional Anatomy
  • Anatomical Imaging
• Systemic Anatomy


  Studies body-organ system
• Surface Anatomy


  Studies external features of the body, for example, bone projection. It deals with Anatomy that can be studied by sight
• Regional Anatomy


  Studies body regions or divisions of the body and emphasizes the relations between the different structures in that region
• Anatomical Imaging


  Anatomy using technologies, such as x-ray, MRI and ultrasound
• Structural & Functional Organization Levels

  • Chemical
  • Cellular
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ-System
  • Organism
• Chemical Level


  Smallest level, atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
• Cellular Level


  Cells: basic units of life, compartments and organelles, e.g. mitochondria, nucleus
• Tissue Level


  Group of cells with similar structure & function + extracellular substances they release. Four broad types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
• Organ Level


  Two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s), e.g. stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney
• Organ-System Level


  Group of organs contributing to some function, e.g. digestive system, reproductive system
• Organism Level


  All organ systems working together, includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria
• Major Organ Systems of the Body

  • Integumentary System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Respiratory System
  • Digestive System
  • Urinary System
  • Female Reproductive System
  • Male Reproductive System
• Integumentary System


  Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of nails, hair, skin, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
• Skeletal System


  Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue. Consists of: bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
• Muscular System


  Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of: muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
• Nervous System


  Major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, psychological processes, and intellectual function. Consists of: the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors
• Endocrine System


  Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other functions. Consists of: endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones
• Cardiovascular System


  Transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body. It plays a huge role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of: heart, blood vessels and blood
• Lymphatic System


  Removes substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract. Consists of: lymphatic vessels, lymphatic nodes and other lymphatic organs
• Respiratory System


  Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of: lungs and respiratory passages
• Digestive System


  Performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and other accessory organs
• Urinary System


  Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance and water balance. Consists of: the kidneys, urinary bladder and ureters
• Female Reproductive System


  Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn, as well as hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of: the ovaries, vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, mammary glands and associated structures
• Male Reproductive System


  Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of: testes, accessory structures, ducts and penis
• Characteristics of Life


  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Reproduction
• Organization


  Functional interrelationships between parts
• Metabolism


  Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism. Ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes
• Responsiveness


  Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes, including both internal and external environments
• Growth


  Can increase in size, of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials
• Development


  Changes in form and size, changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized - differentiation
• Reproduction


  Formation of new cells or new organisms, generation of new individuals, tissue repair