CETs Science - 🌍

• Physics - The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. Physicists study such subjects as gravity, light, and time. Albert Einstein, a famous physicist, developed the Theory of Relativity.
• Chemistry - The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure of matter. The chemist Louis Pasteur, for example, discovered pasteurization, which is the process of

  heating liquids such as milk and orange juice to kill harmful germs.
• Astronomy: The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere.
• • Paleontology: The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or geologic periods.

  
  

  • Meteorology: The science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena, such as weather and climate.
• Scientific Method - is the logical method used by scientists to acquire knowledge that is used to explain different

  phenomena in nature. A thing observed by the senses is called a phenomenon; a scientifically tested

  observation is called a fact.
• 1. Identify and clearly state the problem.

  2. Gather information pertinent to the problem.

  
  

  3. Formulate hypothesis.

  
  

  4. Test the hypothesis. Carrying out experiments.

  
  

  5. Draw a generalization or conclusion.

  
  

  6. Apply the conclusion to other situations.
• • Trials - number of times experiment is repeated.
  • Controls - factors that are kept constant throughout the experiment
  • Variables - factors that change during the experiment.
• 2 Kinds of Variables

  • Independent - factors that are changed.
  • Dependent - factors that change as a result of changes in the independent variable.
• Presentation of Data

  
  

  Tables - easy to read, organized presentations.

  Graphs - readily show patterns of data.

  Kinds:

  1. Line - proper to use when comparing two continuously changing variables.
  2. Bar - appropriate to use when comparing a changing value with an unchanging value.
• Celsius

  A) 5/9

  B) -32

  
• Fahrenheit

  A) +32

  B) 9/5

  
• Kelvin temperature scale is the base unit of thermodynamic temperature measurement in the International System (SI) of measurement. It is defined as 1/ 273.16

  A) 273.16

  
• Force - normally refers to the measurement of a push or a pull
• TYPES OF FORCES

  Gravitational force – a downward force that the earth exerts on objects

  
  

  Nuclear Force- the strongest known force that holds together the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

  
  

  Electromagnetic Force- binds electrons to the atomic nucleus, atoms in the molecules, ions in solid matter, and molecules into liquids and solids.
• Gravitational Force:

  1. Inertia – tendency of an object to remain at rest or maintain its motion unless disturbed by a force

  
  

  b. Friction- resists / opposes the relative sliding movement of two surfaces in contact with one another.

  
  

  c. Centripetal force – drive a thing inward toward a center or rotation. It keeps an object moving in a circular path.

  
  

  d. Force of Gravity – that which is acting on an object which enables it to exert an equal and opposite force on its support.
• WORK FORMULA

  A) force

  B) displacement

  
• FORMS OF ENERGY

  1. Mechanical Energy

  • kinetic energy – energy possessed by an object or a body in motion
  • potential energy- energy possessed by a body because of its position or state

  1. Thermal Energy – total energy coming from the attractive and repulsive forces of all the particles or molecules in a body
  2. Heat Energy – energy which flows from one body to another due to a temperature difference between them, and the flow is always from the hotter to the colder body
• FORMS OF ENERGY 2

  1. Electrical Energy – electricity is the energy of electrons flowing through conductors, like copper wires and aluminum wires.
  2. Chemical Energy – energy stored in matter due to forces of attraction and to the arrangement of subatomic particles in atoms and of atoms in the molecules of substances.
  3. Radiant Energy – energy of the electromagnetic waves , radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, x rays and gamma rays.
  4. Nuclear Energy – energy released from nuclear fusion or fission of atomic nuclei of heavy element or light element.
• Conduction - The molecules in a material are always moving. When one part of a material is heated, the molecules in that part move faster and collide with other molecules. As this goes on, heat is conducted from molecule to molecule until the heat is spread throughout the material. This is conduction. A conductor is the material through which heat passes easily. An insulator is a material that conducts heat poorly.
• Convection - The movement of a gas or liquid brought about by temperature differences creates a convection current. Heat is transferred by Convection when a gas or liquid moves from one place to another.


  
  

  Radiation - Heat transfer when heat is given of in all directions around them is radiation. The sun and other hot objects radiates energy.
• earth's structure has 3 layers. Which are the core, mantle, and the crust
• Name these parts

  A) Atmosphere

  B) Crust

  C) Mantle

  D) Outer core

  
• Name these parts

  A) Continental crust

  B) Oceanic Crust

  C) Upper Mantle

  D) Lithosphere

  E) Asthenosphere

  F) Mantle

  
• • Name these parts (core)

  A) Outer core

  B) inner core

  
• Continental drift

  The drift of the plates across the surface of the earth has been going on over millions of years, which still changes the outward appearance of the earth. When you look at the map of the world, you see how well the east coast of North and South America fits into the west coast of Europe and Africa. Over millions of years these continents have slowly drifted apart.
• Diverging plates

  Where plates pull apart, hot molten rock (fluid magma) emerges as lava and so new matter is added to the plates. In this way new oceanic plates are formed.
• Converging plates:

  In many places the huge plates of the earth's surface are slowly moving together with unimaginable force. Sometimes the edge of one plate is gradually destroyed by the force of collision, sometimes the impact simply crimps the plates' edges, thereby creating great mountain ranges.
• Seafloor Spreading

  Studies show that volcanic activity under the sea causes magma from beneath the earth’s crust to rise to the surface, forming a very long ridge along the middle of the oceans that separate the large continents.
• DIASTROPHISM – the process which involves movements of the earth’s crust such that a portion id pushed up, push down or forced sideways


  
  

  Folding – the process when the sideward forces acting on rocks deform the rocks into wavelike folds after tilting, bending of wrinkling.

  
  

  Faulting - sliding or moving over of rock layers over one another along the break or fracture, may occur vertically or horizontally.
• A Volcano is a gap in the earth where molten rock and other materials come to the earth's surface.

  Some are just cracks in the earth's crusts. Others are weak places in the earth's crust, which occur on places where magma bubbles up through the crust and comes to the earth's surface. Magma is molten rock that occurs by partial melting of the crust and the mantle by high temperatures deep down in the ground. Once

  magma comes to the earth's surface it is called lava.
• Types of Volcanoes

  A) Shield Volcano

  B) Dome Volcano

  C) Ash cinder volcano

  D) Composite Volcano

  E) Caldera volcano

  
• An Earthquake is in fact the shaking of the ground caused by sudden movements in the earth's crust. The biggest earthquakes are set off by the movement of tectonic plates.
• Igneous rocks - are formed when molten rock (magma) from within Earth cools and solidifies. There are two types: intrusive igneous rocks solidify beneath Earth's surface; extrusive igneous rocks solidify at the surface. Examples: Granite, basalt, obsidian
• Sedimentary rocks - are formed when sediment (bits of rock plus material such as shells and sand) gets packed together. They can take millions of years to form. Most rocks that you see on the ground are sedimentary. Examples: Limestone, sandstone, shale
• Metamorphic rocks - are sedimentary or igneous rocks that have been transformed by heat, pressure or both. Metamorphic rocks are usually formed deep within Earth, during a process such as mountain building. Examples: Schist, marble, slate
• WEATHERING – Breaking down of rocks brought about by either physial or chemical means giving rise to sediments or ther rock fragments
• Types of weathering

  1. Biological Weathering
  2. Chemical Weathering
  3. Dissolution Weathering
• Minerals are solid, inorganic (not living) substances that are found in and on Earth. Most are chemical compounds, which means they comprise two or more elements. These are considered the building blocks of rocks. Rocks can be a combination of as many as six minerals.
• Gems are minerals or pearls that have been cut and polished. They are used as ornaments, such as jewelry.

  Precious stones are the most valuable gems. They include diamonds, rubies and emeralds
• Name the layers of the atmosphere

  A) Troposphere

  B) Stratosphere

  C) Mesosphere

  D) Thermosphere

  E) Exosphere