CHEMISTRY

• Chemistry


  The study of matter
• Matter


  Anything that has mass and occupies space
• Mass


  The amount of matter contained in an object
• Volume


  The amount of space occupied by matter
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma
  • Quark-gluon plasma
  • Superfluids
  • Quantum liquid spin
  • Bose-Einstein condensate
  • Superionic ice
  • Degenerate state
• Solid


  • Compact
  • Definite shape and volume
  • Incompressible
  • Usually have low temperature
• Liquid


  • Compact to slightly spaced
  • Indefinite shape but definite volume
  • Incompressible
  • Usually have low to high temperature
• Gas


  • Spaced apart
  • Indefinite shape and indefinite volume
  • Compressible
  • Usually have high temperature
• Plasma


  Gas made of ionized particles
• Quark-gluon plasma


  Highly energetic fundamental particles moving at speed of light
• Superfluids


  Fluids at extremely low temperature and exhibit frictionless flow
• Quantum liquid spin


  Particles at close to absolute zero temperature exhibiting fluctuating electron spins
• Bose-Einstein condensate


  Particles at close to absolute zero temperature causing the atoms to combine together
• Superionic ice


  Water at extremely high pressure and temperature causing it to exist as both solid oxygen crystals and liquid hydrogen at the same time
• Degenerate state


  At extremely high pressures, the nuclei of atoms clump together and their electrons accelerate to speed of light producing high amounts of energy
• Intensive properties


  • Boiling, Freezing, Melting Point
  • Density
  • Buoyancy
  • Ductility
  • Malleability
  • Elasticity
  • Viscosity
• Extensive properties


  • Mass
  • Volume
  • Energy
  • Electrical Charge
  • Entropy
• Density


  Mass per unit volume
• Specific gravity


  Ratio of the density of a sample and the density of a reference substance (usually water)
• Apparent specific gravity


  Ratio between the weights of equal volumes of a sample and water
• True specific gravity


  Ratio between the weights in a vacuum of equal volumes of a sample and water
• Specific gravities can be used to determine whether a sample would float on another substance. If the SG of that sample is less than 1, it will float.
• Classification of matter


  • Pure substances
  • Compounds
  • Mixtures
• Pure substances


  Made of only one kind of substance and has constant properties and composition; CANNOT be physically separated
• Elements


  • Metals
  • Non-metals
  • Metalloids
• Metals


  • The number of valence electrons is small; donates electrons during ionic bonding; forms cations when ionized
• Metals


  • Potassium
• Metals


  • Lustrous
  • Ductile
  • Malleable
  • Good conductor of heat and electricity
  • Solid at room temperature
  • Tendency to lose one or more electron
• Non-metals


  • The number of valence electrons is close to completing the octet rule; accepts electrons during ionic bonding; forms anions when ionized; properties are opposite those of metals, liquid or gas or brittle solids at room temperature
• Non-metals


  • Oxygen
• Metalloids


  Have physical properties of both metals and nonmetals; can act as a metal or a nonmetal depending on the conditions
• Metalloids


  • Silicon (semiconductor)
• Compounds


  Made up of one type of molecule (2 or more atoms that are chemically bonded); composed 2 or more elements, can be separated into simpler substances and elements by chemical method ONLY
• Types of compounds


  • Ionic
  • Covalent
  • Metallic
• Ionic compounds


  Components are pair of anion group and the cation group: electrons are transferred to the cation to anion: usually formed when a metal reacts to a non-metal
• Ionic compounds


  • NaCl
• Covalent compounds


  Components are both anion groups; electrons are shared within the bond; formed when two non-metals react with each other
• Covalent compounds


  • CO2
• Metallic compounds


  Components are both metals; electrons are stored in a "sea of electrons"
• Metallic compounds


  • AgNO3