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• Alveoli


  Small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between inhaled air and the bloodstream
• Ventilation


  The movement of air into and out of the lungs for gas exchange
• Inspiration


  The process of taking in air through the lungs during inhalation
• Expiration


  The process of releasing air from the lungs during exhalation
• Pleura


  A double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs and chest cavity
• Epiglottis


  A flap-like structure at the entrance of the larynx separating the trachea and esophagus
• Medulla Oblongata


  The lower part of the brainstem controlling automatic functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
• Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)


  A plane passing through the frontal bone and sagittal suture, dividing the brain into anterior and posterior parts
• Transverse Plane (Cross-Sectional Plane)


  A plane passing through the body from side to side, perpendicular to sagittal and frontal planes
• Tidal Volume (TV)


  The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs during normal, quiet breathing
• Total Lung Capacity (TLC)


  The maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold after a maximum inspiratory effort, including reserve and residual volumes
• Vital Capacity (VC)


  The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible
• Residual Volume (RV)


  The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation, which cannot be voluntarily exhaled
• Surfactant


  A type of lipoprotein that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid, making it easier to expand and deflate the alveoli
• Atelectasis


  Collapse of one or more alveoli, resulting in a reduction in lung volume and function
• Emphysema


  A condition characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls, leading to permanent lung expansion and impaired gas exchange
• Asthma


  A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath
• Bronchitis


  Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often caused by viral or bacterial infections, smoking, or environmental factors
• Trachea


  A tube that connects the throat to the lungs, allowing air to pass through, trapping dust and debris, and protecting the lungs
• Larynx


  A cartilaginous structure that produces sound, filters air, and protects the trachea, containing the vocal cords, epiglottis, and glottis
• Nasal Cavity


  A complex passageway within the skull that warms, humidifies, and filters the air we breathe, producing mucus to trap and remove debris
• Cystic Fibrosis


  A chronic and progressive genetic disorder affecting the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems, characterized by abnormal mucus production and respiratory damage
• Myocardium


  The thickest layer of the heart wall, responsible for contracting to pump blood, composed of cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibers, and connective tissue
• Pericardium


  A fibro-serous sac that surrounds the heart, protecting it from injury and inflammation, and lubricates and limits heart movement
• Interatrial Septum


  A thin membranous partition that separates the right and left atria of the heart, allowing for blood flow and structural support
• Interventricular Septum


  A thicker, muscular partition that separates the right and left ventricles of the heart, allowing for blood flow and structural support
• AV Valves


  Valves that regulate blood flow between the atria and ventricles, preventing backflow and maintaining cardiac output
• Semilunar Valve


  Valves that connect the ventricles to the systemic and pulmonary arteries, regulating blood flow and preventing backflow
• Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve


  The valve that connects the left atrium to the left ventricle, regulating blood flow and preventing backflow
• Pulmonary Valve


  The valve that connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, regulating blood flow and preventing backflow
• Aortic Valve


  The valve that connects the left ventricle to the aorta, regulating blood flow and preventing backflow
• Tricuspid Valve


  The valve that connects the right atrium to the right ventricle, regulating blood flow and preventing backflow
• Capillaries


  The smallest blood vessels, responsible for gas exchange, nutrient exchange, and regulation of blood pressure
• Plasma


  The liquid portion of the blood that carries cells, proteins, and other substances, making up approximately 55% of the total blood volume
• Platelets


  Small, irregularly-shaped blood cells that play a vital role in blood clotting, maintaining blood vessel integrity and preventing excessive bleeding
• Erythrocytes


  Red blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the body's tissues
• Leukocytes


  White blood cells that play a vital role in the immune system, protecting the body against infection and disease by recognizing and eliminating pathogens
• Hemoglobin


  A protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries it from the lungs to the body's tissues, helping to regulate acid-base balance
• Lymphatic System


  A network of vessels, organs, and tissues that defends the body against infection and disease by removing pathogens, toxins, and waste products, helping to regulate immune function and maintain fluid balance
• Lymph


  A clear, colorless fluid that circulates throughout the body, carrying white blood cells, proteins, and waste products, playing a crucial role in immune response, pathogen removal, and fluid regulation