Animal Cells

• Cytoplasm - cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
• Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane - separates the interstitial and intercellular fluids between the cells
• The Plasma Membrane is the conformation of phospholipid bilayer, glycocalyx, and few cholesterol molecules
• The Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two layers of phospholipids. The head is hydrophilic, and the tail is hydrophobic.
• Integral proteins - are proteins that are firmly attached to the phospholipid bilayer
• Peripheral Proteins - are proteins that aren't embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
• glycocalyx - enriched by glycoproteins and glycolipids
• Microvilli - increases plasma membrane's surface area tremendously
• Microvilli - often formed on the surface of absorptive cells
• Cytoplasm - cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
• cytosol - is a viscous and semitransparent fluid element of cytoplasm in which cytoplasmic elements are suspended
• organelles - is an element of cytoplasm in which is the metabolic machinery of the cell
• inclusions - is an element of cytoplasm in which chemical substances may or may not be present, such as, vacuoles and glycogen
• Non-membranous organelles - are organelles that don't contain any membrane, such as, cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes
• Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell
• Mitochondria - composed of 2 membranes: outer-membrane and cristae or the inner folds
• Mitochondria - is one of the organelles, aside from the nucleus, in animal cells that contains their own DNA
• Mitochondria - produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
• Ribosomes - small and dark-straining granules composed of proteins and a variety of RNA or ribosomal RNA
• Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis
• Ribosomes - some floats called free ribosomes and some are attached in the Rough ER called Membrane-Bound ribosomes
• Endoplasmic Reticulum - interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavities (cisternae), that coils and twists through the cytosol
• Rough ER - studded with ribosomes that thread their way into the cisternae
• Rough ER - manufactures all proteins such as the integral protein and phospholipids
• Smooth ER - site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification
• Golgi Apparatus - modify, concentrate, and package proteins and lipids made in the rough ER
• cis face - the receiving face of golgi apparatus
• trans face - "shipping side" of the Golgi apparatus
• secretory vesicles or granules migrate to plasma membrane and excrete their contents from the cell by exocytosis
• Lysosomes - spherical membranous organelles containing digestive enzymes
• Lysosomes - an organelle abundant in phagocytes, cells that disperse invading bacteria and cell debris
• Peroxisomes - membranous sacs containing a variety of enzymes; neutralize dangerous free radicals; detoxification
• Cytoskeleton - "cell skeleton"
• Microtubules - part of the cytoskeleton that determines the shape of the cell
• Microfilaments - thinnest element of the cytoskeleton
• Microtubules - mitochondria, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles are attached to this
• Centrosome - where the microtubules are anchored at one end "this end;" also called as the "cell center"
• Centrioles - form the bases of cilia and flagella
• Centrioles - organizes microtubule networks during mitosis to form spindles and asters
• Celia - motile cellular extensions that moves substances in one direction