ENG 1ST QTR

• Modal Verbs


  Special verbs that give meaning or additional info about the function of the main verb
• The modal verb and the main verb will not always be beside each other; however, the modal verb will always be before the main verb
• Functions expressed by modal verbs

  • Permission
  • Lack of necessity
  • Possibility/Probability
  • Obligation
  • Prohibition
  • Advice
  • Ability
• PLPOPAA is an acronym to remember the functions of modal verbs: Permission, Lack of necessity, Possibility/Probability, Obligation, Prohibition, Advice, and Ability
• May vs Might


  May has a higher possibility, Might has a lower possibility
• Modal verbs


  Show possibility, intent, ability, or necessity<|>Used alongside the infinitive form of the main verb
• Common modal verbs


  • Can
  • Should
  • Must
• Ability


  "Could" is for past, "Can" is for present
• Ability


  • "Could" - I could run fast when I was 6 years old
  • "Can" - I can run very fast
• Degree of politeness for permission

  • Highest - May
  • Middle - Could
  • Lowest - Can
• Permission


  • "May" - May I go use the restroom?
  • "Could" - Could I go use the restroom?
  • "Can" - Can I go use the restroom?
• Possibility/Probability


  • Lowest - May
  • Middle - Could
  • Highest - Can
• Possibility/Probability


  • "May" - It may rain tomorrow
  • "Could" - It could rain tomorrow
  • "Can" - It can rain tomorrow
• Obligation


  • Highest - Must
  • Middle - Should
  • Lowest - Could
• Obligation


  • "Must" - You must graduate
  • "Should" - You should graduate
  • "Could" - You could graduate
• Negation/Prohibition


  • Lowest - Need not
  • Middle - Cannot
  • Highest - Must not
• Negation/Prohibition


  • "Need not" - I need not submit my english essay
  • "Cannot" - I cannot submit my english essay
  • "Must not" - I must not submit my english essay
• Making Requests


  • Will - at the moment, will surely happen
  • Would - takes time
  • Can - depends on ability
  • Could - depends on ability
• Making Requests


  • Will - Will you take time to teach me math?
  • Would - Would you take time to teach me math?
  • Can - Can you take time to teach me math?
  • Could - Could you take time to teach me math?
• Giving Advice


  • Highest - Must
  • Middle - Should/Ought to
  • Lowest - Could
• Giving Advice


  • Must - You must go to the hospital
  • Should/Ought to - You should/ought to go to the hospital
  • Could - You could go to the hospital
• Prediction


  • Will - 100%
  • Would - 75%
  • May - 50%
  • Might - 25%
• Africa is also called the Mother Continent because this is where they found the oldest human fossils
• Africa has 54 Independent countries
• Africa is a rich mix of native people, cultures, economies, and histories
• Africa is also known for its hieroglyphics
• Things found in Africa

  • Nile river - The longest river in the world
  • Victoria Falls - The largest waterfall in the world
  • Sahara desert - The largest desert in the world
• The Europeans found their first colonies in Africa, which started the slave trade
• Africans were sold into slavery for years
• African literature started from 1 generation to the next then passed on word of mouth by stories, riddles, lyrics, and other forms for entertainment, worship, and education
• Themes in African literature

  • Colonialism
  • Liberation
  • Education
  • African pride - Tradition, Religion, Beauty
• Chinua Achebe


  His full name is Albert Chinualumogu Achebe<|>Born on 11/16/1930 in a large village in Nigeria<|>Child of protestant missionary<|>Dropped his christian name for his native one in college<|>Most of his works talked about the effect of colonialism on Nigerian culture<|>He is one of the founders of the Nigerian literary movement that drew upon indigenous culture
• Chinua Achebe wrote the book "Things fall apart"
• The leopard


  A story about the characters Ki (The husband of Luesti), Luesti (The wife of Ki), and Ntio (The brother of Ki)<|>The story talks about courage
• Summary of The leopard


  1. Ki married Luesti, both from the pygmy tribe

  2. Ki got bit by a snake so he asked his brother Ntio to fetch Luesti

  3. On the way, Ntio and Luesti were attacked by a wild leopard

  4. Ntio killed the leopard and got scratched

  5. Luesti planned to make Ntio tell Ki that a leopard attacked her

  6. Ki sprinted to the forest and jumped on the leopard to save Luesti

  7. Luesti was just testing if Ki would save her
• Thesis statement is the main idea or argument that an essay presents.