BIOLOGY

• The branch of Science that deals with the study of living systems and life processes

  BIOLOGY
• basic unit of structure and fuction in living things

  cells
• This organelle is arguably the most important structure in the cell because it serves as the control center in which individual functions of the other organelles are coordinated.

  NUCLEUS
• Provides rigidity for support to the cells and a characteristic shape for functionality and structure.

  Cell Wall
• Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

  Cell Membrane
• This organelle is also called as “powerhouse of the cell”. It serves as the site where ATPs are abundantly synthesized.

  Mitochondrion
• This serves as the site of photosynthesis among plants and photosynthetic algae.

  Chloroplast
• Serves as the site of protein synthesis.

  RIBOSOMES
• These organelles serve as channels or passageways through which materials are transported to the different parts of the cell.

  Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Serves for cytokinetic purposes and is very common among dividing cells

  Centriole
• The structure is also called “suicidal bag” as it releases digestive juices

  Lysosome
• This serves for selection and packaging of cellular materials.

  Golgi Apparatus
•  Serves as the basis on which everything that we know about the cell is anchored.

  Cell Theory
• Like any biological structure, the cell is composed of _ that are intricately combined to enable the cell to perform its metabolic functions.

  Biomolecules
• Immediate source of energy

  Carbohydrate
• Elemental composition of Carbohydrate

  C, H, O
• Building blocks of carbohydrate

  monosaccharides
• These molecules serve as another source of energy after carbohydrates

  Fats/Lipids
• Elemental composition of fats/lipids

  C, H, O
• Building blocks of fats/lipids

  fatty acids and glycerol backbones
• These molecules serve as sources of building materials.

  Proteins
• Elemental composition of proteins

  C, H, O, N, S
• Building blocks of Proteins

  Amino Acids
•  These molecules include the RNA’s and the DNA’s

  Nucleic Acid
• Elemental composition of nucleic acids

  C, H, O, N, P
• The four types of carbohydrates are monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, and oligosaccharide.
• Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down into simpler units by hydrolysis.
• Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds.
• Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds.
• Polysaccharides contain many monosaccharides linked together to form long chains or branched structures.
• Oligosaccharides have fewer than ten monosaccharides but more than two.
• Building blocks of Nucleic Acids

  Nucleotide
• Have no membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; typical of bacteria and blue-green algae

  Prokaryotic Cells
• Have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; typical of protests, fungi, plants, and animals.

  Eukaryotic cells
•  Does not require the expenditure of energy; moves particles through the concentration gradient.

  Passive Transport
• Requires the expenditure of energy; moves particles against the concentration gradient. 

  Active transport
• this refers to the process in which molecules of solvent move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

  Diffusion
•  this refers to the diffusion of particles or molecules across selectively permeable membrane.

  Osmosis
• This refers to the process by which cells divide to produce daughter cells. It involves either mitosis if somatic or body cells are involves or meiosis if germ or sex cells are involved.

  Cell Reproduction
• Also referred to as equational division because the ploidy number of the daughter cells is equal to the ploidy number of the dividing cell.

  Mitosis