Adult Nutrition_Lifecyle

• Segments of adulthood

  • Early adulthood
  • Midlife
  • Later adulthood
• Early adulthood (20-39 years)


  • Becoming independent and leaving the parental home
  • Planning, buying, and preparing food are newly developing skills
  • Renewed interest in nutrition "for the kids' sake"

  
• Midlife (forties)


  • Active family responsibilities
  • Managing schedules and meals becomes a challenge
  • Reviewing life's accomplishments
  • Recognition of one's mortality
• "Sandwich" generation (fifties)


  • Many are multigenerational caregivers
  • Juggle roles of caring for children and aging parents, all while maintaining a career
  • Health is often an added concern
• Later adulthood (sixty plus)


  • Transition to retirement
  • More leisure time
  • Greater attention to physical activity and nutrition
  • Added significance for food choices and lifestyle factors, especially for those with chronic disease
• Between the ages 20 and 64 is a time when the future course of health and wellness are influenced by diet, physical activity, smoking, and body weight
• Lifestyle factors that reduce onset and severity of five out of ten leading causes of death

  • Heart disease
  • Stroke
  • Diabetes
  • Some cancers
  • Liver disease
• Some population groups have a higher prevalence of chronic diseases than others due to genetic disposition, lifestyle, and environment
• Physiological changes of adulthood

  • Growing stops by the twenties
  • Bone density continues until age 30
  • Muscular strength peaks around 25 to 30 years of age
  • Dexterity and flexibility decline
  • Other body composition changes slowly occur in tandem with hormonal shifts
• Hormonal and climacteric changes in women

  • Decline of estrogen leads to menopause
  • Increase in abdominal fat
  • Increase in risk of cardiovascular disease
  • Accelerated loss of bone mass
• Hormonal and climacteric changes in men

  • Gradual decline in testosterone level and muscle mass
• Body composition changes in adults

  • Bone loss begins around age 40
  • Positive energy balance resulting in increase in weight and adiposity
  • Each individual has a gut microbiota "fingerprint" that is relatively stable, but shifts due to factors such as diet, illness, and medication
• Continuum of nutritional health

  From "healthy" and resilient state to terminal state where body systems shut down and life ceases
• Resilient and "healthy" state of nutritional health

  • Metabolic systems are in homeostasis
  • Organs are functioning at optimal level
  • Nutritional guidance: encourage adequate intake, not too much, not too little
• Altered substrate availability state of nutritional health

  • Early, subclinical state of nutritional harm when intake doesn't meet needs
  • Loss of reserves and/or accumulation of excess can lead to buildup of by-products
  • Dietary guidelines inform people of common risks and encourage healthful diets and lifestyle choices

  
• Nonspecific signs and symptoms state of nutritional health


  • Insufficient or excessive intake of nutrients or energy leads to observable changes
  • Well-recognized risk factors for chronic disease
  • Dietary guidance: target specific risk factors and observable signs and symptoms

  
• Clinical condition state of nutritional health

  • Genetic predisposition, interacting with dietary components and environmental factors, influence whether and when the clinical condition develops
  • Change is difficult
  • Intensive intervention may be needed (e.g., medical nutrition therapy or therapeutic behavior-change programs)

  
• Chronic condition state of nutritional health

  • Altered metabolism and structural changes in tissues become permanent and irreversible
  • Intervention is aimed at managing the condition

  
• Terminal illness and death state of nutritional health


  • Final stage in the continuum
  • Complications advance
  • Body systems shut down
  • Life ceases
• Energy requirements


  Amount of dietary energy intake needed to be consumed by individuals to sustain stable body weight consistent with long-term good health that would allow for adequate levels of physical activity to maintain social, cultural, and economic activity
• Age-related changes in energy expenditure

  • Metabolic rate and energy expenditure begin to decline in early adulthood
  • Reductions generally correspond to declines in physical activity and lean muscle mass
• Estimating energy needs in adults

  Based on basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and activity thermogenesis
• 1 pound of body fat (¬454g) is approximately equal to 3500 calories
• To lose one pound a week, an adult would need to create a negative balance of 500 calories per day
• Reduction of total energy intake enhances weight loss regardless of macro diet composition
• Macronutrient recommendations

  Fat: 20–35 percent of calories<|>Carbohydrate: 45–65 percent of calories<|>Protein: 10–35 percent of calories

  
• Risk nutrients

  • Fiber
  • Calcium and vitamin D
  • Vitamin A and vitamin E
  • Choline
  • Potassium and sodium
  • Magnesium
  • Iron
• Dietary guidance systems


  Sets of dietary and lifestyle recommendations based on latest scientific information to promote health and prevent disease

  
• Key components of dietary guidance systems

  • Dietary Guidelines for Americans
  • MyPlate
• Additional science-based dietary recommendations

  • American Cancer Society: Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines
  • American Heart Association: Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations

  
• Focal points of dietary guidance systems

  • Increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, fiber, and low-fat dairy products
  • Limiting saturated and trans fat intake
  • Avoiding processes meats
  • Keeping sugar and sodium intake low
  • Getting regular physical activity
  • Balancing energy intake with expenditure
• Water intake recommendations

  Men: 3.7 liters<|>Women: 2.7 liters
• Beverage intake recommendations

  Choose water as the preferred beverage: three to five 12-ounce containers
• Caffeine, coffee, and alcoholic beverage intake

  • Caffeine contributes to daily total water intake, some adverse effects with high doses
  • Alcoholic beverages are a psychoactive drug with potential for abuse and increases cancer risks
• Dietary supplements and functional foods


  Sometimes needed to assure nutritional adequacy<|>Functional foods are food products or ingredients that have a physiological benefit beyond the nutritional value provided
• Healthy eating and increased physical activity are the featured duo for combating obesity
• Guidelines for physical activity

  • Any physical activity is better than none
  • Physical activity helps to manage weight and reduce disease risk factors
• Promotion of physical activity

  • Personal, social, and environmental factors influence the degree to which physical activity is a routine part of lifestyle
  • Active living movement: private businesses, nonprofit organizations, and government sectors collaborating to reduce sedentary lifestyles
• Regular physical activity leads to changes in body composition with reduced fat mass and increased lean mass
• Healthy adults who exercise regularly and follow a healthful diet don't need dietary modifications to support physical activity