UTILITIES 1

• Plumbing


  The art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply, liquids, substances, and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and other carried wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life, property; also, the pipes and fixtures after installation, i.e., the plumbing system
• Plumbing


  Any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids.
• Plumbing


  The word plumbing derives from the Latin word "plumbum" (lead), as the first effective pipes used in the Roman era were lead pipes.
• History of plumbing in the Philippines

  1. Plumbing practice in the Philippines traced back to the 17th century

  2. Walled City of Intramuros established by the Spaniards as a model community

  3. Friar Engineers incorporated European standards in their plumbing installations

  4. Filipino plumbers assigned to maintain, repair, and/or remodel plumbing systems in all "pueblos" or towns

  5. Plumbing took a great leap at the turn of the 20th century with the arrival of American soldiers, engineers, Thomasite teachers, doctors, and evangelists

  6. Master Plumber John F. Hass became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection

  7. Filipino Master Plumbers incorporated a plumbing code based on the Plumbing Code of the United States into the Building Code for the City of Manila

  8. National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) organized and registered

  9. Department of Public Services of the City of Manila created by an Act of Congress

  10. City Ordinance 2411, "the Plumbing Code for the City of Manila" enacted

  11. National Government, through the Bureau of Public Works, and other cities and municipalities adopted the Plumbing Code of Manila

  12. Republic Act No.l378, "PLUMBING LAW OF THE PHILIPPINES" signed by President Ramon Magsaysay

  13. National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by the NAMPAP promulgated and approved

  14. Board of Examiners for Master Plumbers and the NAMPAP prepared a Curriculum for Plumbing Engineering

  15. Republic Act No. 6541, "Building Code of the Philippines" passed with the "National Plumbing Code of 1959" as referral code

  16. NAMPAP President JAIME M.CABASE spearheaded the updating of the revised National Plumbing Code

  17. Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 adopted by the Professional Regulation Commission and approved by President JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA
• Basic principles of the 1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

  • Ensure the unqualified observance of the latest provisions of the plumbing and environmental laws
  • Premises intended for human habitation, occupancy or use shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water
  • Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and at pressure adequate to enable them to function satisfactorily
  • Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning
  • Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating
  • Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human habitation, occupancy or use on premises abutting on a street, alley, or easement where there is a public sewer, shall be connected to the sewer system
  • Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or with a private sewage-disposal system shall have at least one water closet and one kitchen-type sink
  • Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces, and shall be located in ventilated enclosures
  • The drainage system shall be designed, constructed, and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts
  • All pipings of plumbing systems shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free form defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers
  • Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap
  • The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use
  • Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to preempt clogging and the return of foul air to the building
  • Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship
  • No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixture~ destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall be allowed to enter the building drainage system
  • Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage
  • No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated
  • If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where there is no sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the building sewage
  • Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building
  • Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers
  • All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use
  • Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage
  • Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous
• Plumbing System Components


  • Water Supply and Distribution System
  • Plumbing Fixtures
  • Sanitary Drainage System
  • Storm Drainage System
  • Fire Protection System
  • Fuel Gas Piping System
• Uses of Water


  • Nourishment
  • Cleansing and hygiene
  • Ceremonial Uses
  • Transportation Uses
  • Cooling medium
  • Ornamental Element
  • Protective Uses
• Plumbing fixtures


  Approved-type installed receptacles, devices or appliances supplied with water or receive liquid or liquid-borne wastes and discharge such wastes into the drainage system to which they may be directly or indirectly connected
• Classifications of plumbing fixtures

  • Soil fixtures
  • Scullery fixtures
  • Bathing fixtures
• Soil fixtures


  Water closets, urinals
• Scullery fixtures


  Kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, bar sinks, slop sinks
• Bathing fixtures


  Lavatories, bathtubs, shower baths, bidets, shower receptors, floor drains, shower components
• Types of water closets by design/flushing action

  • Siphon washdown
  • Reverse trap
  • Siphon-jet
  • Siphon-vertex
  • Direct flush valve
• Types of water closets by flush tank


  • Flush tank
  • Flush valve
• Types of water closets by mounting

  • Floor mounted/free-standing
  • Wall mounted/wall hung
• Types of water closets by make

  • One-piece
  • Closed-coupled
  • Pail flush
  • Squat type
• Sections of a typical water closet
• Urinal


  A sanitary plumbing fixture for urination only
• Types of urinals


  • Wall-hung
  • Pedestal
  • Trough
  • Stall
• Scullery fixtures


  Include kitchen sinks, pantry sinks, laundry tubs, and any fixture used in the preparation of meals or washing of household goods
• Types of kitchen sinks

  • Single bowl
  • Double bowl
  • Triple bowl
  • Farmhouse
  • Apron front
• Laundry tubs


  Can be made of cement or cement with tiles or porcelain
• Slop sinks


  Used by maintenance personnel in cleaning and leaving their mops
• Types of bathtubs


  • Alcove/recessed
  • Corner
  • Drop-in
  • Free-standing
  • Walk-in
  • Garden
  • Jetted
• Bidet


  Equipped with running cold and hot water and is used for bathing external genitals and posterior parts of the body
• Floor drains


  Used to carry contaminated water to the sanitary or storm sewer
• Shower receptor


  Also called shower tray, shower base or shower pan. It is simply the floor of a shower and very popular choices for bathroom installations
• Shower


  Can be a stand-alone stall or part of a bathtub. Their plumbing fixture can have one or more shower heads that propel water through while producing different effects and pressures
• Lavatory


  A bowl or basin for washing the face and hands
• Faucets


  The most used fixture in the home and control the flow of water for sinks and baths
• Drinking fountain


  Also called a water fountain or bubbler, is a fountain designed to provide drinking water
• Plumbing unit


  A minimum standard quantity of plumbing fixtures that discharge waste into a plumbing installation
• Fixture unit value


  Waste load in determining the size of pipes (except for storm drain). It is also used to compute maximum and probable demand
• Fixture unit values


  • Lavatory or washbasin (1)
  • Kitchen sink (2)
  • Sink, hotel or public (2)
  • Residential sink (1.5)
  • Bathtub (2)
  • Laundry tub (2)
  • Combination fixture (3)
  • Urinal (5)
  • Shower bath (2)
  • Floor drain (1)
  • Slop sink (3)
  • Water closet (6)
  • 180 square feet of roof drained (1)
• Minimum supply pipe diameters

  • Water closet (tank type) (1/2 inch)
  • Water closet (1 inch)
  • Flushometer urinal with flushing valve (3/4 inch)
  • Laundry tubs (1/2 inch)
  • Kitchen sink (1/2 inch)
  • Lavatory (1/2 inch)
  • Slop sink (1/2 inch)
  • Drinking fountain (1/2 inch)
  • Shower (1/2 inch)
• Plumbing fixtures required (as per Table 4-1 of the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines)
• Pipe


  A hollow cylinder, a tubular section used mainly to convey substances that can flow – liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders and masses of small solids
• Types of Pipe Materials for Water Distribution

  • Mild Steel Pipes
  • Galvanized Iron Pipes
  • Poly Vinyl Chloride pipes
  • PPR Pipes
  • High Density Polyethylene Pipes
  • Ductile Iron Pipes
  • Copper Pipes
• Mild Steel Pipes


  • Number of joints are less as they are available in longer length
  • Pipes are durable and can resist high internal water pressure and highly suitable for long distance high pressure piping
  • Flexible to lay in certain curves
  • Light weight and easy to transport. Damage in transportation is minimal
  • Pipes are prone to rust and require higher maintenance
  • Require more time for repairs and not very suitable for distribution piping
  • Available in diameter of 150-250 mm for water supply and cut lengths of 4 - 7 m (2.6- 4.5 mm thk.)
  • Steel Pipes are joined with flanged joints or welding
• Galvanised Iron (GI) Pipes


  • Cheap in cost and light in weight
  • Light in weight and easy to join
  • Affected by acidic or alkaline water
  • GI pipes are highly suitable for distribution system. They are available in light (yellow colour code), medium (blue colour code) and heavy grades (red colour code) depending on the thickness of pipe used
  • Normally, medium-grade pipes (wall thickness 2.6-4.8 mm) are used for water supply system
  • Normally, 15-150 mm size pipes (nominal internal diameter) are used for distribution system. They are available in length of 3 m
  • GI pipes can be used in non-corrosive water with pH value greater than 6.5
  • GI pipes can be used for rising main as well as distribution
  • GI pipes are normally joined with lead putty on threaded end