VISCOM

• Drawing Pencils

  • Lead holder
  • Mechanical pencils
  • Wood encased Pencils
• 4H pencil


  • Accurately marking and laying out LIGHT CONSTRUCTION LINES
• F & H pencils

  • For layout finish drawings in densest grade of lead
• 2H pencil


  • Laying out drawing in densest grade of lead for finish drawings
• HB pencil


  • Dense line work and hand lettering
• B pencil


  • Requires control
• 9H & 6B pencils


  • Extremely hard, equal hand pressure produces lighter and thinner lines
• Technical Pens


  • Can produce precise, consistent ink lines without application of pressure
• Line Weights

  • Heavy Solid Lines (HB, B)
  • Medium Solid Lines (H, F, HB)
  • Lightweight Solid Lines (H, F)
  • Very Light Solid Lines (6H, 4H, 2H)
• Line Types

  • Solid Lines
  • Dashed Lines
  • Center Lines
  • Grid Lines
  • Property Line
  • Break Lines
• Alphabet of Lines

  • Phantom Line (Light)(H, F)
  • Cutting Plane Line (Heavy)(HB, B)
  • Dimension Line (Very Light)(4H, H)
  • Border Line (heavy)(B, HB)
  • Visible Line (Heavy)(H, HB)
  • Hidden Line (Medium, Lightweight)(H, F)
  • Extension Line & Projection Line (Light, Very Light)(6H, 4H, 2H, H, F)
  • Center Line (Light)(H, F)
  • Break Line (Medium)(H, F)
• Lettering


  3/16 of an inch
• Orthographic Projections


  1. D representation of a 3D object<|>Shows different sides of an object
• Principal Views

  • Left
  • Right
  • Front
  • Rear
  • Bottom
  • Top
• View Alignment

  The TOP and FRONT views are aligned VERTICALLY and share the same width<|>The FRONT and RIGHT are aligned horizontally and share a same height
• Axonometric Projection


  An orthographic projection of a three dimensional form that is inclined to the picture plane<|>The principal axes stay parallel
• Types of Axonometric Projection

  • 15° Dimetric Projection
  • 30° Isometric Projection
  • 15°/45° Trimetric Projection
• Two-Point Perspective


  A type of perspective in which each object in the picture has two vanishing points that are all eye level
• Station Point

  A fixed point in space that acts as the observers single eye
• Vanishing Point


  Points that lines and/or surfaces vanish back to in perspective projection. It usually projects lines from station point to picture plane then projects vertically downward to horizon line
• Measuring Line


  A mathematical method for proportionally relating different items to one another<|>To obtain an exact reference elevation projection is typically used