SPIROCHETES

• Borella


  Also known as relapsing fever
• Borella stain


  Giemsa stain
• Borella recurrentis


  Agent of Louse-borne relapsing fever
• Pediculus Humanus


  Also known as human louse
• Agents of tick-borne relapsing fever

  • Borella hermsii
  • Borella parkeri
• Ornithodoros ticks


  Also known as soft ticks
• Borella borgdorferi


  Agent of Lyme disease
• Vectors of Lyme disease

  • Ixoda ticks
  • Deer ticks
• Borella borgdorferi


  May be visualized in tissue sections stained with Warthin-Starry silver stain
• Treponema spp.


  Tightly twisted organism resembling cork screw
• Syphilis is a STI caused by Treponema pallidum
• T. pallidum subs. pallidum


  Agent of venereal syphilis
• T. carateum


  Agent of PINTA
• T. pallidum subs. pertenue


  Agent of YAWS
• T. pallidum subs. endemicum


  Agent of Bejel
• T. pallidum subs. pallidum

  Agent of congenital syphilis
• T. pallidum subs. treponema


  It's able to invade a wide variety of tissues from initial site of infection with a rapid dissemination rate
• Leptospira spp.


  Spiral shaped, right-handed helices with hooked ends
• Leptospira spp.


  Gram (-) and motile with corkscrew motion
• L. biflexa


  Non-pathogenic bacteria of Leptospira
• L. interrogans


  Pathogenic bacteria of Leptospira
• L. biflexa


  Found in water and soil
• Leptospira interrogans


  Agent of Leptospirosis
• Weil's disease


  Severe form of Leptospirosis
• 6 Principal leptospiral diseases

  • icterohemorrgiae - weil's disease
  • canicola - infectious jaundice
  • autumnalis - fort bragg or pretibial fever
  • gryppoytyphosa - marsch fever
  • hebdomanis - 7 day fever
  • mitis/pomona - 7 swine herd's disease
• Specimen use for the culture of Leptospira


  1. Blood during early infection

  2. Urine, 2 weeks after infection
• Chlamydia spp.


  Former name: Bedsonia
• Bedsonia


  Meaning: Large virus
• Chlamydia psittaci


  Agent of Psittacosis/ornithosis
• Psittacosis/Ornithosis


  Disease of birds, parrots, parakeets and cockatoos
• TWAR


  Stands for: Taiwan Acute Respiratory
• C. pneumoniae


  Associated with mild respiratory tract infections
• Subtypes of C. trachomatis

  • A, B, Ba, C (Endemic Trachoma)
  • D-K (Urethritis, Cervicitis, PID, Infant pneumonia)
  • L1, L2, L3 (Lymphogranuloma venereum)
• Mycoplasma spp.


  Formerly known as PPLOs (Pleuropneumonia-like Organisms)
• Mycoplasma


  Causing pleuropneumonia in cattle
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae


  Former name: Eaton's Agent
• Primary atypical pneumonia<|>Walking pneumonia

  Milder form of pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae


  Causing Tracheobronchitis in children and young adults
• Causes of nongonococcal urethritis in males

  • Mycoplasma hominis
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum
• Mycoplasma hominis


  Agent of salpingitis and postpartal fever in females