Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Mountain Rage (Module)

• Active volcano


  A volcano with account of eruption documented within 10,000 years
• Continent


  A big body of land on the globe
• Earthquake


  A vibration of earth due to rapid release of energy
• Epicenter


  The location in the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
• Focus


  The exact site of the origin of an earthquake, below the epicenter
• Magma


  The liquid rock below the earth's surface
• Mountain


  A land mass that projects well above its surrounding, higher than a hill
• Mountain range


  A chain of mountains
• Primary wave (P-wave)


  The first type of seismic wave to be recorded, compression waves that travel through solid, liquid and gases
• Secondary wave (S-wave)


  The second type of earthquake wave, shearing waves that only move through solids
• Seismogram


  Geographical record of an earthquake
• Seismograph


  A measuring instrument for detecting and measuring the intensity, direction and duration of earthquake movements
• Tsunami


  Japanese term for big wave in the port generated during undersea quakes
• Volcano


  A mountain or hill typically conical having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor and gas is being or have been erupted from the earth's crust
• Layers of the Earth

  • Crust
  • Mantle
  • Outer Core
  • Inner Core
• Continental crust


  • Typically 30km thick, composed of granite rocks
• Oceanic crust


  • Typically 5-8km thick, composed of basalt rocks
• Conrad discontinuity


  Transition zone between continental and oceanic crust
• Asthenosphere


  Ductile part of the Earth's mantle just below the lithosphere, hotter and more fluid
• Lithosphere


  Composed of the crust and upper mantle, in constant slow motion
• Plate tectonics


  The movement of the lithosphere, broken into tectonic plates
• The lithosphere is broken into numerous tectonic plates that move over the asthenosphere
• Plate boundaries can result in subduction, lateral sliding, or spreading
• Alfred Wegener


  • Popularized the theory of continental drift
• Harry Hess


  • Proposed the theory of seafloor spreading
• Earthquake


  1. Vibration of earth due to rapid release of energy

  2. Seismic waves travel through the earth

  3. Body waves (P-waves and S-waves)

  4. Surface waves
• Seismology


  Scientific study of earthquakes and related phenomena
• Seismologist


  Scientist who studies earthquakes and their waves to figure out the earth's structure and composition
• Seismograph


  Instrument used to record the motion of the ground during an earthquake
• Seismogram


  Recording of the ground shaking at a specific location
• Tsunami


  Series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or large lake
• Volcano


  • Opening in the earth's crust through which lava, volcanic ash and gases escape
  • Magma chamber
  • Vents
  • Crater
• Types of volcanoes


  • Active
  • Dormant/Inactive
  • Extinct
• The Philippines is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
• Major volcanoes in the Philippines


  • Mount Mayon
  • Mount Taal
  • Mount Pinatubo
• Mountain


  Landform that rises prominently above its surroundings
• Mountain range


  Series of mountains connected by high ground
• Mountain formation


  1. Folded mountains (from plate collision)

  2. Warp mountains (from rising molten rock)

  3. Fault block mountains (from rock dropping down)

  4. Volcanic mountains (from hardened magma)