Adv bio

• Cell


  Smallest unit of all living organisms
• Cell origin


  Comes from pre-existing cells
• Parts of a cell

  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
• Animal cells


  • Circular
• Plant cells


  • Rectangular
• Parts of the cell

  • Ribosomes
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • DNA
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Nuclear membrane
  • Lysosome
  • Centriole
  • Mitochondrion
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplast
  • Cell wall
  • Chromosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
• Cell division


  Biological process for the creation of daughter cells from parent cells
• Cell cycle


  Series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides
• Mitosis


  Type of cell division that occurs in all other cells in the body
• Meiosis


  Type of cell division that occurs in the egg cells and sperm cells (sex cells)
• Karyokinesis


  Division of cell nucleus during mitosis
• Cytokinesis


  Division of cytoplasm at the end of mitosis or meiosis
• Phases of the cell cycle

  • Interphase
  • G1
  • S Phase
  • G2 Phase
• Mitosis


  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase
• Meiosis Phase I


  1. Prophase I

  2. Metaphase I

  3. Anaphase I

  4. Telophase I
• Meiosis Phase II


  1. Prophase II

  2. Metaphase II

  3. Anaphase II

  4. Telophase II
• Parts of the chloroplast

  • Lumen
  • Stroma
  • Lamellae
  • Thylakoid
  • Grana/Granum
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane
  • Intermembrane
• Photosynthesis


  Conversion of light energy into chemical energy that living things like plants can use
• Stages of photosynthesis


  • Light Reaction
  • Dark Reaction/Carbon Reaction
• Stages of respiration


  • Glycolysis
  • Krebs Cycle
  • Electron flow along the Respiratory Chain
• End products of photosynthesis: Sugar/Glucose
• End products of cellular respiration: H2O, 36 ATP, Carbon Dioxide
• Anaerobic respiration


  Process in which organisms produce energy without the use of oxygen
• Types of fermentation


  • Alcoholic Fermentation
  • Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Reactants of Alcoholic Fermentation

  • Pyruvic Acid
  • NADH
• Reactants of Lactic Acid Fermentation

  • Pyruvic Acid
  • NADH
• Products of Alcoholic Fermentation

  • Carbon Dioxide
  • NAD+ or ATP
  • Alcohol
• Products of Lactic Acid Fermentation

  • Lactic Acid
  • NAD+
• Louis Pasteur


  Stated that yeasts are connected to fermentation, defined fermentation as respiration without the use of air
• Edward Buchner


  Winner of 1907 Nobel prize in chemistry because of zymase, stated that zymase are from yeast and has types which are diatase and invertase which are used for fermentation
• Functions of the cell membrane

  • Cell signaling
  • Selective transport
  • Excretion of wastes
  • Structural support
• Parts of the cell membrane

  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Integral protein
  • Peripheral protein
  • Fatty acid tails
  • Phosphate heads
  • Cholesterol
  • Glycoprotein
  • Glycolipid
• Types of cell transport

  • Passive Transport
  • Active Transport
• Passive transport mechanisms


  • Osmosis
  • Diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
• Active transport mechanisms


  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
• Osmotic conditions


  • Hypertonic
  • Isotonic
  • Hypotonic
• Types of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Examples of monosaccharides


  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
• Examples of disaccharides


  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
  • Maltose
• Examples of polysaccharides


  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose