STEM

• A hypothesis is an educated guess about what might be causing a particular phenomenon or observation.
• The first step to solving any problem is identifying the problem.
• An experiment is a systematic investigation that tests a hypothesis by manipulating variables and observing their effects on dependent variables.
• Scientific theories are well-established explanations that have been supported by multiple lines of evidence over time.
• The scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, testing the hypotheses through experiments, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results to others.
• Laws describe how things behave under certain conditions, while principles explain why they behave that way.
• Variables are factors that can change, such as independent and dependent variables.
• Scientific method involves asking questions, making observations, forming hypotheses, testing hypotheses through experiments, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, communicating results, and revising theories as new evidence becomes available.
• Independent variable - The factor being changed or manipulated during the experiment
• Hypothesis - A testable statement that explains how two variables may be related
• Dependent variable - The factor being measured or observed during the experiment
• Observations are made by using our senses (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching) or measuring instruments such as thermometers, scales, timers, etc.
• Independent variable - The factor being tested, which can be controlled by the researcher
• Dependent variable - The outcome being measured
• Control group - A group not exposed to the treatment or intervention being studied
• Antiseptic


  Any substance that inhibits the growth and reproduction of microorganisms
• Suspension


  • Sand mixed with water and it did not dissolve
• Scientific method


  An orderly process of empirical investigation that is focused on solving a problem
• Chemicals


  • Sodium Chloride or Table Salt (NaCl)
  • Sodium bicarbonate or Baking Soda (NaHCO3)
  • Sucrose or Table Sugar (C12H22O11)
  • Sodium Hypochlorite or Bleach (NaClO)
  • Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
  • Acetone ((CH3)2CO)
  • Methane (CH4)
  • Ammonia (NH3)
• Scanner


  • Usually marked 4x, combined with the eyepiece lens, will provide the lowest magnification power
  • Low power objective- usually marked 10x, most helpful in analyzing glass slide samples
  • High power objective- longer than the LPO and usually marked 40x or 60x, used to focus on a specific part of the specimen
• Tissue


  Made of cells that work together to perform a certain task
• Organ


  A system of tissues that work together
• Cell components


  • Cytoplasm
  • Organelles
  • Nucleus
  • Chromosomes
• Lysosome


  Contains chemicals that digest wastes and worn-out/damaged cell parts
• Acceleration


  The rate of change of velocity
• Conduction


  With contact
• Induction


  Without contact
• Sea breeze and land breeze

  1. Sea breeze occurs during the day when cold air moves from sea to land

  2. Land breeze occurs at night when cold air from land moves to the sea to replace warm air
• Day - land heats up faster but at night it cools down faster
• This monsoon wind is locally known as amihan
• Latitude lines


  • Equator
  • Tropic of Cancer
  • Tropic of Capricorn
  • Antarctic Circle
  • Arctic Circle
• Resistance


  A property of a material that tends to resist the flow of current, limiting the amount of current in a circuit
• Symbol for resistance


  Capital letter R
• Unit of resistance


  Ohms (Ω)
• Adding dry cells in series

  Increases the voltage in a circuit
• Voltage


  The energy that moves the charges in a circuit
• Circuit


  Parallel and series connection
• Deflection


  The departure of an indicator or pointer from the zero reading on the scale of an instrument
• Electrolyte


  A conducting medium contained in both dry and wet cells
• Inertia


  The tendency of the body to remain in its position