BIOLOGY

• Cell Membrane


  Surrounds the cell through which substances pass in and/or out<|>Made up of phospholipids and proteins
• Cell Wall


  • Rigid, protective barrier
  • Located outside of the cell membrane
• Cell membrane


  Phospholipids
• Cell wall


  Pseudopeptidoglycan
• Cell wall


  Peptidoglycan
• Cell wall composition


  • Plants - Cellulose
  • Fungi - Chitin
• Nucleus


  • Control center of the cell
  • Contains DNA
  • Bound by two phospholipid bilayer membranes
• Chromosomes


  • Packaged and organized structures containing the DNA of a living organism
• Nucleolus


  • Creates the ribosomes by making rRNA
• Ribosomes


  • Sites where the cell assembles proteins
  • Not bound by a membrane
  • Two types - Free and Bound
• Endoplasmic Reticulum


  • Processing and folding of new proteins and formation of lipids
  • Composed of a single membrane
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  • Synthesis of lipids
  • Metabolism of carbohydrates
  • Detoxification of drugs and poisons
  • Storage of calcium ions
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum


  • Secretory proteins
  • Membrane proteins
  • Membrane phospholipids
• Golgi Apparatus


  • Stores, modifies and packages proteins
  • Comprised of a single membrane
  • Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles
• Lysosomes


  • Garbage disposal of the cell
  • Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
• Functions of Lysosomes


  • Phagocytosis
  • Autophagy
• Vacuoles


  • Vesicles arising from the ER and Golgi
  • Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc.
• Types of Vacuoles


  • Food Vacuoles
  • Contractile Vacuoles
• Vacuole characteristics


  • Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
  • Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
  • Fluid inside plant vacuoles - cell sap
• Mitochondrion


  • Releases energy for the cell to use
  • Bound by a double membrane
  • Has its own DNA
• Chloroplast


  • Found in plant cells and other photosynthetic organisms
  • Contains the green pigment chlorophyll
  • Site of food (glucose) production
  • Bound by a double membrane
• Cytoskeleton


  • Acts as skeleton and muscle
  • Provides shape and structure
  • Helps move organelles around the cell
• Centriole


  • Aids in cell division
  • Usually found only in animal cells
  • Made of microtubules
• Nucleus


  DNA synthesis
• Nucleolus


  RNA synthesis
• SER

  Lipid synthesis
• RER


  Protein synthesis
• Golgi Apparatus


  Temporary storage and transport of macromolecules
• Ribosomes


  Polypeptide (protein) synthesis
• Lysosomes


  Breaking/digestion of cells; "suicide bag of cells"
• Mitochondria


  Converts chemical energy of food to chemical energy of ATP
• Chloroplast


  Converts light energy to chemical energy of sugar/food
• Hans & Zacharias Jannsen invented the first primitive microscope


  1590
• Marcelo Malphigi first to observe blood capillaries in fish tails


  1660
• Marcelo Malphigi observed RBC through capillaries and found the connection between arteries (away from heart) and veins (to the heart)
• Robert Hooke saw a multitude of tiny pores (looked like the walled components of a honeycomb) in cork and discovered cells


  1665
• Francesco Redi experimented to see if rotting meat turns into flies and found out that flies can make other flies, but rotting meat can't


  1668
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first man to witness a live cell under the microscope, described the algae Spirogyra and named the moving organisms animal cules, meaning "little animals", first to see and describe bacteria, yeast, plants, the life in a drop of water and the circulation of corpuscles in capillaries


  1683
• Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in plants using epidermis of orchid, found that cell had an opaque spot called "areola" (aka nucleus)


  1831
• Theodore Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden concluded "All living things are made up of cells and cell products"


  1839