sas 1

• Anatomy


  The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology


  The study of how the body and its parts work or function
• Specialization in Anatomy


  • Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy
  • Regional Anatomy
  • Systemic Anatomy
  • Surface Anatomy
  • Microscopic Anatomy
  • Developmental Anatomy
• Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy


  The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
• Regional Anatomy


  The study of all the structures in a particular region of the body
• Systemic Anatomy


  The study of body structure system by system
• Surface Anatomy


  The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
• Microscopic Anatomy


  The study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye, including Histology (study of tissues) and Cytology (study of cells)
• Developmental Anatomy


  The study of structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan, including Embryology (developmental changes before birth)
• Renal Physiology


  The study of kidney function and urine production
• Neurophysiology


  The study of how the nervous system functions
• Cardiovascular Physiology


  The study of the operation of the heart and blood vessels
• Anatomical Position


  The reference position in which the body is standing erect, facing forward, arms down at the sides, and palms turned forward
• Directional Terms


  • Superior or cranial
  • Inferior or caudal
  • Anterior or ventral
  • Posterior or dorsal
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Intermediate
  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Superficial (external)
  • Deep (internal)
• Superior or cranial


  Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body, above
• Inferior or caudal


  Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body, below
• Anterior or ventral


  Toward or at the front of the body, in front of
• Posterior or dorsal


  Toward or at the back of the body, behind
• Medial


  Toward or at the midline of the body, on the inner side of
• Lateral


  Away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of
• Intermediate


  Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
• Proximal


  Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
• Distal


  Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
• Superficial (external)


  Toward or at the body surface
• Deep (internal)


  Away from the body surface, more internal
• Axial Region


  The main axis of the body, including the head, neck, and trunk
• Appendicular Region


  The appendages, including the arms and legs
• Body Planes/Sections


  • Sagittal planes
  • Frontal (coronal) planes
  • Transverse (horizontal) planes
• Sagittal Planes


  Divide the body or organ vertically into right and left parts
• Midsagittal Plane


  Divides the body or organ into equal right and left parts
• Parasagittal Plane


  Divides the body or organ into unequal right and left parts
• Frontal (Coronal) Plane


  Divides the body or organ vertically into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts
• Transverse (Horizontal) Plane


  Divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts, also known as a cross-section
• Body Cavities


  • Ventral Cavity (Thoracic Cavity, Abdominopelvic Cavity)
  • Dorsal Cavity (Cranial Cavity, Spinal Cavity)
• Ventral Cavity


  The enclosed areas that house organs, including the Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Thoracic Cavity


  Contains the mediastinum (heart and trachea) and the right and left pleural cavities (lungs)
• Abdominopelvic Cavity


  Contains the abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, liver, etc.) and the pelvic cavity (reproductive organs, bladder, etc.)
• Dorsal Cavity


  The enclosed areas that house the brain (cranial cavity) and spinal cord (spinal cavity)
• Cells


  The basic and smallest functional unit of all living things
• Cell Composition


  • Cytoplasm
  • Organelles
  • Plasma Membrane