bio practice

• Synthetic polymers


  • Nylon
  • Polyethylene
  • Polyester
  • Teflon
  • Epoxy
• SparkCharts Biology is a downloadable PDF copyright © 2005 by SparkNotes LLC
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule responsible for storing hereditary information.
• Chromosomes are threadlike structures that contain genetic information.
• Chromosomes are threadlike structures that carry genetic information.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule responsible for storing hereditary information.
• Each nucleotide contains one phosphate group, one sugar unit, and one nitrogenous base.
• The structure of DNA consists of two strands that are twisted into a double helix, with nucleotides forming rungs on the ladder-like structure.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell where most of the cell's genetic material is stored.
• Genetic material is stored as DNA within cells.
• Glycerol molecule


  A three-carbon molecule (C3H8O3) with hydroxyl groups (-OH) on each carbon atom, often found in lipids such as triglycerides and phospholipids.
• Phosphate group vs Glycerol molecule

  Phosphate group: critical component of nucleotides, negatively charged, links sugar unit to nitrogenous base. Glycerol molecule: organic component of lipids, ester bonds with fatty acids.
• Phosphate group


  A negatively charged group (-PO4) attached to the nucleotide, linking the sugar unit to the nitrogenous base.
• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, while RNA stands for ribonucleic acid.
• Nitrogenous bases are chemical compounds that contain nitrogen and form part of the structure of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
• Purines are nitrogenous bases consisting of two fused rings, including adenine and guanine.
• Pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases consisting of one ring, including cytosine, thymine, uracil, and methylcytosine.
• The four types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
• Each type of nitrogenous base has a specific shape or structure.
• In RNA, uracil (U) replaces thymine (T).
• The four types of pyrimidines found in DNA are cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U), and methylcytosine (m5C).
• The four types of pyrimidines are cytosine, thymine, uracil, and methylcytosine.
• Pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases containing one ring, including cytosine, thymine, uracil, and methylcytosine.
• Thymine is only present in DNA, not RNA.
• In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine through hydrogen bonds.
• Ribose is a five-carbon monosaccharide that forms the backbone of RNA.
• Methylcytosine is an example of a modified nitrogenous base.
• In DNA, thymine is always paired with adenine through hydrogen bonding between their complementary bases.
• In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil (U).
• Ribose is a five-carbon monosaccharide used in the formation of RNA.
• Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA.
• Nucleotides consist of three components: a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
• During transcription, mRNA is synthesized from DNA using complementary base pairing between Adenine (A) and Thymine/Uracil (T/U)