ETHICS Long Quiz Reviewers

• Philosophy


  Love of wisdom, studies anything and everything that exist, aims to know some kind of truth behind all of things existing
• Epistemology


  Knowledge Production
• Philosophy


  Questions are more important, Mother of all disciplines
• Plato


  • Allegory of the Cave - Metaphor for cave, ecochamber, motivate us to go out, World of Forms, World of Ideas
  • Allegory of the Chariot - Reason, Spirit, Desire, Two Characters - One human, two horses - Everyone has a charioteer and 2 horses, Black horse - desire, sex, eat a lot, parties appetitive inclinations of the soul, White horse - spiritual part of the soul, whats beyonds us, faith, Charioteer - balances the two, Need to balance of the two for us to return to the heavens above, Rationalist philosopher, reason is the key
• Aristotle


  Happiness is the highest good it is a state of activity, Eudaimonia = happiness + excellence, Happiness requires activity, good habits, and physical wisdom, Enjoy life here on earth, Empiricist - experience is not enough, reason is also needed
• Metaphysics


  Encompasses the study of ULTIMATE REALITY
• Epistemology


  Asks questions about KNOWLEDGE, its nature and origins, and whether it is even possible
• Ethics


  Study of MORAL PROBLEMS, PRACTICAL REASONING, RIGHT AND WRONG, GOOD AND BAD, VIRTUES AND VICES, CHARACTER, MORAL DUTY, and related issues involving the NATURE, ORIGINS, SCOPE OF MORAL VALUES
• Ethics


  Study of the underlying principles of morality, What is the right thing to do?, What should people not to do?
• Major Branches of Ethics


  • Meta-ethics
  • Normative
  • Applied
• Meta-ethics


  Study of the basic ethical concepts and principles that aid in the discussion of Ethics
• Normative ethics


  Focuses on the study of various ethical frameworks or theories that aim to guide our conduct, Major Bulk of the Subject/Semester
• Applied ethics


  The application of ethical theories towards specific concerns, Also referred to as Practical Ethics
• Primary Specimen in Ethics

  • Folkways
  • Dialogues
  • Mores
  • Laws
• Folkways


  No rules, Do what we feel like doing
• Dialogues


  Warning from different parties
• Mores


  Moral Valuation of the action to other people
• Morality


  Cannot be done individually, Dialogues are important
• Basic Models in Making Moral Decisions

  1. Deductive

  2. Inductive/Reflective Equilibrium
• Deductive


  General Premise followed by specific fact followed by categorical conclusion, There is one conclusion
• Inductive/Reflective Equilibrium


  Premise 1 leads to Premise 2 which leads to a Conclusion that is highly likely but not the end of the conclusion
• Challenges in Discussing Ethics

  • Ethics/Moral Subjectivism - Agree to Disagree
  • Ethics/Moral Relativism - More broad, what is customary in one place cannot be applied to others, Competing Two groups
  • Equating Morality & Religion
  • Equating Morality and Law
  • Contrasting Morality and Biology
  • Is-Ought Fallacy - Is is moral statement, Ought is imperative
• Pilipinolohiya


  Prospero Covar - Kaalamang Bayang Dalumat ng Pagkataong Pilipino, "Madali maging tao; mahirap magpakatao"
• Metaporang Banga


  Loob: Isipan, Puso, Bituka, Atay, Lalim: Kaluluwa, Budhi, Labas: Mukha, Dibdib, Tiyan, Sikmura
• Pantayong Pananaw


  Salazar - Ang Patayong Pananaw bilang Diskurosng Pangkabihasnan, Apat na Tauhan - Foreign Outsiders, Foreign Insiders, Local Outsiders, Local Insiders
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino


  Yacat cf ENRIQUEZ - Filipino Psychology, "Sikolohiyang Pilipino knowledge can be borne out of two processes: indigenization from without and indigenization from within", Angat-Patong Approach - Bulag na paggamit ng mga pag-aaral, ideya, at konsepto ng banyag upang bigyang linaw o balidasyon ang karanasan ng Pilipino, Dr. Virgilio Enriquez - Father of Filipino Psychology, indigenization from without - validation from foreigners, indigenization from within - validation from within
• Pilosipiyang Pilipino


  MABAQUIAO - Pilosopiyang Pilipino: Isang Pagsusuri, "Ang Pilosopiyang Pilipino… ay ang Pilosopiya kung saan ang kamalayang taglay ng namimilosopiya ay Pilipino", Six possible definitions of Filipino Philosophy
• Ethics as a quest for spiritual liberation

  Hinduism allows people to develop and grow at their own pace by making different spiritual paths available to them, Brahman - The Universe, Atman - The soul transmigrates to another vessel/body, Karma- Consequences of our actions, Moksha - Spiritual Liberation, Vedas - Four sacred texts, Dharma - Age, Caste of the individual
• Buddhism


  Teachings of the Buddha are aimed solely at liberating sentient beings from suffering, Three Universal Truths - Nothing is lost in the universe, Everything changes, There is the law of cause and effect, Four Noble Truths - Dukkha (there is suffering), Dukkha Samudaya (there is a cause to our sufferings, attachment), Dukkha Nirodha (end to our sufferings, detachment), Dukkha Nirodha Patipata (how to detach ourselves - eightfold path), Eight-Fold Path (Magga) - Right Understanding, Right Thinking & Aspiration, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Efforts, Right Mindfulness, Right Concentration
• Daoism


  Lao-Tzu, Dao - The universe, Li - The natural/organic order of things, Wei-Wu-Wei - Action by non-action, The Yin-Yang - Feminine (receptive, dark, downward, hidden, passive, yielding, cool, empty) and Masculine (creative, bright, upward, active, aggressive, controlling, hot, hard, full)
• Confucianism


  Confucius, People are inherently good, but we do bad things/actions because of external influences, The solution is education and self/cultivation, The Concepts of Ren & Junzi - A person's cultivation is to be done through the Way and the cultivation of the Way is to be done through Ren/Humanity, Yi - Justice and righteousness, Ethical behavior will only result when moral considerations take precedence over competing values, inner desires are managed through the development of virtues that make up a moral character, "The superior man does not set his mind either for anything, or against anything, What is right, he will follow"
• Ethics as Religious Conceptions

  Christianity
• uline ang dao


  There will be war/clashes
• More Daoist Concepts


  • "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step"
  • "Govern big countries like you cook a little fish"
• Confucianism


  People are inherently good, However, we do bad things/actions because of external influences<|>The solution is education and self/cultivation
• The Concepts of Ren & Junzi

  A person's cultivation is to be done through the Way and the cultivation of the Way is to be done through Ren/Humanity<|>Ren: Natural goodness of heart as shown in association with one's fellow man (i.e loving others, kindness)<|>The goal is to become a junzi (i.e perfect gentleman)
• The Concept of Yi


  Justice and righteousness<|>Ethical behavior will only result when moral considerations take precedence over competing values, inner desires are managed through the development of virtues that make up a moral character<|>"The superior man does not set his mind either for anything, or against anything, What is right, he will follow"
• Christian Ethics


  Describing human behavior is the task of sociology, but prescribing human behavior is the province of morality<|>Based on God's Will<|>Based on God's Revelations<|>Absolute<|>Prescriptive<|>Deontological<|>Consequentialist
• Islamic Ethics


  • One God - Belief in Allah
  • Divine Book - Belief in the Quran
  • Prophet - Belief in Muhammed
  • Bridge to Heaven - Belief in the Day of Judgement
  • Devotions - Shahada, Salat(daily prayers), Zakat(2.5% wealth), Sawn (fasting), Hajj(Mecca) → Ultimate goal of muslims
• Shahada


  Creed of Muslims