Volcanoes

• Volcano with accounts of eruption documented within 10,000 years


  Active volcano
• Big body of land on the globe

  Continent
• Vibration of Earth due to the rapid release of energy

  Earthquake
• Location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

  Epicenter
• Exact site of the origin of an earthquake, below the epicenter

  Focus
• Liquid rock below the Earth's surface

  Magma
• Landmass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

  Mountain
• Chain of mountains

  Mountain ranges
• First type of seismic wave to be recorded in a seismic station, these compression waves are the fastest and travel through solids, liquids, and gases

  Primary waves
• Second type of earthquake wave to be recorded in a seismic station; these shearing waves are stronger than P-waves, but only move through solids

  Secondary waves
• Graphical record of an earthquake


  Seismogram
• Measuring instrument for detecting and measuring the intensity and direction and duration of movements of an earthquake


  Seismograph
• Japanese term for "big wave in the port;" generated during undersea quakes

  Tsunami
• Mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor and gas is being or have been erupted from the earth's crust

  Volcano
• Our Earth has four layers consisting of different materials, namely, crust, mantle, inner, and outer core. For this module, we will focus on the lithosphere which is composed of the crust and the upper mantle.
• The lithosphere is said to be in constant but very slow motion. These motions are not the same everywhere. This movement of the lithosphere is called tectonics.
• Plates are in constant motion. As they interact along their margins, important geologic processes take places, such as the formation of major mountain ranges, active volcanoes, and earthquake epicenters.
• Plate Tectonics


  Theory that the entire lithosphere of the Earth is broken into numerous segments called plates that move very slowly but constantly
• Lithosphere consists of crust and the upper portion of the mantle. The crust is made of a variety of solid rocks like sedimentary, metamorphic,and igneous. It has an average density of 2.8 g/cm3 and its thickness ranges from 5 to 50 km.
• Continental crust is thicker but less dense than the oceanic crust. Because of the difference in density, continental crust floats higher than the oceanic crust.
• The Seven Continents

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia
  • South America
  • Antarctica
  • Africa
  • Australia
• Plate movements may result in earthquakes. Earthquakes may happen anytime, either on land or underwater. Earthquakes on land can be caused either by tectonic plates movement or volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes under the sea can cause a tsunami.
• The Philippines is situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire, a long chain of volcanoes and other tectonically active structures that surround the Pacific Ocean. The Ring of Fire is one of the most geologically active areas on Earth and a site for frequent earthquakes and powerful volcanic eruptions.
• Triangulation method


  Scientists use triangulation to find the epicenter of an earthquake. When seismic data is collected from at least three different locations, it can be used to determine the epicenter by where it intersects.
• Top ten provinces at risk to earthquakes in the Philippines

  • Surigao Del Sur
  • La Union
  • Benguet
  • Pangasinan
  • Pampanga
  • Tarlac
  • Ifugao
  • Davao Oriental
  • Nueva Vizcaya
  • Nueva Ecija
• Top ten provinces at risk to earthquake-induced shallow landslides in the Philippines


  • Ifugao
  • Lanao Del Sur
  • Sarangani
  • Benguet
  • Mountain Province
  • Bukidnon
  • Aurora
  • Davao del Sur
  • Davao Oriental
  • Rizal
• Top ten provinces at risk to volcanic eruptions in the Philippines

  • Camiguin
  • Sulu
  • Biliran
  • Albay
  • Bataan
  • Sorsogon
  • South Cotabato
  • Laguna
  • Camarines Sur
  • Batanes
• Top ten provinces at risk to tsunamis in the Philippines

  • Sulu
  • Tawi-tawi
  • Basilan
  • Batanes
  • Guimaras
  • Romblon
  • Siquijor
  • Surigao del Norte
  • Camiguin
  • Masbate
• Magma chambers are found beneath volcanic mountains, such as Mount Fujiyama in Japan or Mauna Loa in Hawaii.