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• Anatomy


  The study of the structures of the body
• Types of anatomy

  • Systemic anatomy
  • Regional anatomy
• Systemic anatomy


  • The study of the body by organ systems
• Regional anatomy


  • The study of the body by areas
• Surface anatomy

  • Uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures
• Anatomical imaging


  • A noninvasive method for examining deep structures
• Physiology


  The study of the processes and functions of the body
• Approaches to physiology


  • According to the organism involved
  • According to level of organization
• Levels of body organization

  • Chemical
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism
• Organ systems


  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
• Homeostasis


  The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
• Variables maintained in homeostasis


  • Body temperature
  • Normal range of values
• Negative-feedback mechanisms

  1. Receptor

  2. Control center

  3. Effector
• Positive-feedback mechanisms


  Make deviations from normal even greater
• Most positive-feedback mechanisms are harmful
• Anatomical position


  A human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides, and the palms facing forward
• Body positions

  • Supine
  • Prone
• Directional terms


  Always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body's actual position
• Body parts and regions

  • Upper limbs
  • Lower limbs
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Trunk
• Abdominal regions


  • Four quadrants
  • Nine regions
• Planes


  • Sagittal
  • Transverse
  • Frontal (coronal)
• Sections


  • Longitudinal
  • Cross (transverse)
  • Oblique
• Body cavities

  • Thoracic
  • Abdominal
  • Pelvic
• Mediastinum


  Divides the thoracic cavity into two parts
• Serous membranes


  Line the trunk cavities, with a parietal part lining the wall and a visceral part in contact with the internal organs
• Serous fluid


  Fills the space between the parietal and visceral serous membranes, protecting organs from friction
• Serous membrane cavities

  • Pericardial
  • Pleural
  • Peritoneal
• Mesenteries


  Parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs
• Retroperitoneal organs

  Located "behind" the parietal peritoneum, including the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder
• Cell


  The basic unit of life, containing organelles that perform specific functions
• Cell components


  • Plasma membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
• Functions of cells

  • Metabolize and release energy
  • Synthesize molecules
  • Provide a means of communication
  • Reproduce
  • Provide for inheritance
• Intracellular substances


  Inside cells
• Extracellular (intercellular) substances

  Between cells
• Plasma membrane


  Composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules (lipid bilayer) in which proteins float (fluid-mosaic model)
• Plasma membrane proteins


  • Marker molecules
  • Attachment proteins (cadherins and integrins)
  • Transport proteins
  • Receptor proteins
  • Enzymes