Module 1

• Prokaryotic cells


  Cells lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Eukaryotic cells


  Cells containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Cellular structures investigation


  Examining various cell types to understand their differences
• Cell growth


  Ability of living organisms to increase in size over time
• Assimilation in cells


  Process where cells absorb nutrients and gases for growth and repair
• Metabolism definition


  Sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism
• Excretion in cells


  Elimination of waste and toxic substances from cells
• Reproduction in cells


  Process of generating new cells or organisms
• Response in cells


  Ability of cells to react to changes in their environment
• Origin of first cells


  Questioning the source of the initial living cells
• Microscope utility


  Purpose of using microscopes for cell observation
• Biological drawing importance


  Significance of illustrating biological structures for understanding
• Fluid Mosaic Model


  Concept explaining the structure of cell membranes
• Passive transport


  Movement of molecules across cell membranes without energy input
• Active transport


  Energy-requiring movement of molecules across cell membranes
• Diffusion definition


  Spontaneous movement of substances from high to low concentration
• Osmosis definition


  Movement of water across membranes from high to low concentration
• Endocytosis explanation


  Process of cells engulfing and absorbing molecules
• Exocytosis process


  Release of substances from cells by fusion of vesicles with the membrane
• Surface-area-to-volume ratio


  Ratio influencing material exchange across cell membranes
• Concentration gradients


  Difference in solute concentrations influencing diffusion and osmosis
• Diffusion and osmosis comparison

  Illustrating similarities and differences between these processes
• Particle Theory of Matter


  Concept explaining the behavior of particles in matter
• Exocytosis


  Process of vesicle discharging contents outside the cell
• Active Transport


  Movement of molecules across a cell membrane requiring energy
• Surface Area to Volume Ratio

  Ratio affecting cell metabolism and material exchange
• Metabolism


  Cellular process producing energy for essential functions
• Cell Division


  Process where cells split to maintain high SA:Vol ratio
• Carbon Fixation


  Conversion of inorganic molecules to organic using energy
• Photosynthesis


  Process in autotrophs converting light energy to chemical energy
• Chemosynthesis


  Carbon fixation using chemicals, not light, by some bacteria
• Heterotrophs


  Organisms consuming organic molecules for energy
• Enzyme


  Biological catalyst speeding up chemical reactions
• Hydrogen Peroxidase


  Enzyme catalyzing the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
• Catalyst


  Substance speeding up chemical reactions without change
• Denaturation


  Enzyme's loss of function due to extreme temperature or pH
• Catabolic Reactions


  Enzyme-assisted breakdown of complex molecules
• Anabolic Reactions


  Enzyme-assisted synthesis of complex molecules
• Salivary Amylase


  Enzyme in saliva breaking down starch
• Gene Copy Number


  Number of copies of a gene in an organism's genome