ARTA2

• Architecture

  Begins where engineering ends
• Vitruvius' principles of architecture

  • Firmitas (durability)
  • Utilitas (utility)
  • Venustas (beauty)
• Archi


  To be the first, who commands
• Tekton

  Mason, builder
• Types of architectural theory

  • Descriptive - explains phenomenon or events; neutral
  • Prescriptive - prescribes bases or guidelines
  • Critical - challenges relationships between architecture and society
• General influences on architectural design

  • Needs of man (physical, emotional, intellectual)
  • Activities of man (desire for preservation, recognition, response, self-expression)
  • Influences of nature (climate, topography, materials)
  • Influences of man (social conditions, 20th century architecture)
• Invisible structure

  The plan is the most important element of volume
• Visible structure

  Composed of form and surface
• Form


  • Direction (vertical or horizontal axis)
  • Shape (geometric qualities)
• Surface

  • Area (surface with two dimensions)
  • Texture (surface treatment)
  • Tone (light and shade)
  • Color (inherent or applied)
• Form and space

  Positive and negative elements within a composition
• Horizontal elements defining space

  • Base plane
  • Elevated base plane
  • Depressed base plane
  • Overhead plane
• Vertical elements defining space

  • Vertical linear plane
  • Single vertical plane
  • L-shaped plane
  • Parallel planes
  • U-shaped plane
  • Four-planes closure
• Openings in space defining elements

  • Within planes
  • At corners
  • Between planes
• Form

  External appearance that can be recognized, formal structure of a work, gives unity to the whole
• Visual properties of form

  • Shape
  • Size
  • Color
  • Texture
  • Position
  • Orientation
  • Visual inertia
• Shape

  • Circle
  • Triangle
  • Square
• Platonic solids

  • Sphere
  • Cylinder
  • Cone
  • Pyramid
  • Cube
• Regular forms

  Parts are related to one another in a consistent and orderly manner
• Irregular forms

  Parts are dissimilar in nature and related to one another in an inconsistent manner
• Transformation of forms

  • Dimensional
  • Subtractive
  • Additive
• Spatial relationships between forms

  • Spatial tension
  • Edge-to-edge contact
  • Face-to-face contact
  • Interlocking
• Diagrams of form arrangements

  • Centralized form
  • Linear form
  • Radial form
  • Clustered form
  • Grid form
• Surfaces

  Areas of materials which enclose a building
• Surface articulation

  • Texture
  • Tone
  • Color
• Chroma

  Color
• Color relationships

  • Complementary
  • Analogous
  • Triad
  • Split complementary
  • Double complementary
  • Monochromatic
  • Warm
  • Cool
  • Advancing
  • Receding
• Psychological effects of colors

  Red (rage, passion, power, love, anger, beauty, fire, energy)<|>Yellow (gayety, cheering, demands attention)<|>Orange (stimulating, used in small amounts)<|>Brown (restful, warming)<|>Gray (cold, depressing)<|>White (cheerful, purity, clarity, cleanliness, simplicity)<|>Purple (sedative, soothing)
• Complementary

  Combination of one color and the pair of colors adjoining its complementary color
• Double complementary

  Combination of two analogous colors and their complementary colors
• Monochromatic


  Having only one color or exhibiting varying intensities and values of a single tone
• Warm colors

  Color inclined toward or dominated by red, orange, or yellow
• Cool colors

  Color inclined or dominated by green, blue, violet
• Advancing colors

  A warm color that appears to move toward an observer
• Receding colors


  A cool color that appears to move away an observer
• Red


  Produces a rage, passion; aggressive. Represents power, love, anger, beauty, fire, energy
• Yellow

  Gayety, cheering; demands attention
• Orange


  Stimulating effect; used in relatively small amount. Too subtle for emergencies; too dull to make us happy
• Brown


  Restful and warming
• Gray

  Cold and depressing