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• cornea


  clear tissue that covers front of the eye
• pupil


  opening through which light enters the eye
• iris

  coloured part of the eye, controls the amount of light entering the eye
• lens


  focuses light on the retina - image is upside down
• retina

  layer of light sensitive cells at the back of the eye which responds to light. Rods and cones send electrical impulses to the optic nerve
• optic nerve


  sends signals to the brain
• the shorter the wavelength


  the higher the frequency
• the camera shutter


  is similar to the human iris
• the camera aperture


  is similar to the human pupil
• the camera diaphragm


  is similar to the human eyelid
• the camera lens


  is similar to the human cornea and lens
• the camera film


  is similar to the human retina
• Visible light


  is in-between ultraviolet and infrared light in the electromagnetic spectrum
• Light going from glass to air


  bends away from the normal
• Light going from air to glass


  bends towards the normal
• Internal reflection


  • diamonds
  • fiber optics
  • windscreen wipers
• Fibre optics


  are better than copper cables because they are cheaper and less information is lost
• Diamonds


  sparkle because light has to reflect multiple times before it escapes the substance (they are incredibly dense)
• All colours are absorbed


  substance appears black
• All colours are reflected


  substance appears white
• Pinhole camera


  image is upside down because the camera does not have a brain to invert it to normal
• Longitudinal wave


  • sound waves
• Transverse wave


  • light waves
• Light can travel through a vacuum
• Landform cycle


  The continuous process of formation and erosion on the earth's surface
• Structure of the earth

  Composed of the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust
• Why the tectonic plates move


  Due to convection currents in the mantle
• Continental drift


  The movement of Earth's continents over time
• How the landform cycle has shaped NZ and the world


  Through processes in the landform cycle that allows change on the earth's surface
• Folding/faulting


  Geological processes that include syncline, anticline, normal, reverse, and strike slip
• Why earthquakes and tsunamis occur

  Due to tectonic plate movements and shifts in the Earth's crust
• Convection currents


  Circular movement of heat in the mantle
• Tectonic plates


  Large sections of the earth's crust
• Subduction


  The process where one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate at a convergent boundary
• Magma


  Semi molten rock found in the mantle
• Different types of plate movement

  • Divergent
  • Convergent
  • Collision
  • Conservative
• Uplift


  The formation of new rock/mountains due to tectonic plates colliding
• Weathering


  The breaking down of rocks
• Fluvial erosion


  Erosion caused by rivers
• 1. shaped valleys


  Formed by fluvial erosion