Chemistry

• MATTER is anything that has mass and occupies space
• MASS

  The amount of matter contained in an object
• VOLUME


  The amount of space occupied by matter
• STATES OF MATTER

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• SOLID


  • Compact
  • Definite shape and volume
  • Incompressible
  • Usually have low temperature
• LIQUID


  • Compact to slightly spaced
  • Indefinite shape but definite volume
  • Incompressible
  • Usually have low to high temperature
• GAS


  • Spaced apart
  • Indefinite shape and indefinite volume
  • Compressible
  • Usually have high temperature
• CHEMISTRY is the study of matter - its composition, properties and the changes it undergoes
• INTENSIVE PROPERTIES


  Properties that do NOT depend on the amount of matter in a substance
• INTENSIVE PROPERTIES

  • Boiling, Freezing, Melting Points
  • Density
  • Buoyancy
  • Ductility
  • Malleability
  • Elasticity
  • Viscosity
• EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES


  Properties that depend on the amount of matter in a substance
• EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES

  • Mass
  • Volume
  • Energy
  • Entropy
  • Charge
• DENSITY

  Mass per unit volume
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY


  Ratio of the density of a sample and the density of a reference substance (usually water)
• APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY


  Ratio between the weights of equal volumes of a sample and water
• TRUE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

  Ratio between the weights in a vacuum of equal volumes of a sample and water
• If the SG of a sample is less than 1, it will float
• PURE SUBSTANCES


  • Elements
  • Compounds
• ELEMENTS


  • Made of only one kind of atom
• ELEMENTS


  • Non-Metals
  • Metals
  • Metalloids
• COMPOUNDS


  Made up of only one type of molecule (two or more atoms that are chemically bonded)
• COMPOUNDS

  • Ionic
  • Covalent
  • Metallic
• MIXTURES

  • Homogenous
  • Heterogenous
• HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES


  Mixtures wherein only one phase is discernible; commonly called "solutions"
• HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES


  Mixtures wherein two or more distinct phases are discernible
• SUSPENSIONS


  Particles are too large and too heavy to be carried by the particles they are suspended in, causing them to settle after some time
• COLLOIDS

  Suspended particles are small and light enough to be carried by the movement of the particles in which they are suspended in
• TYPES OF COLLOIDS

  • Solid in Solid
  • Solid in Liquid
  • Liquid in Liquid
  • Liquid in Gas
  • Solid in Gas
  • Gas in Solid
  • Gas in Liquid
• SOLUTE


  The component that dissolves in the solution
• SOLVENT


  The component that dissolves other components of the solution
• SOLUBILITY


  The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a particular solvent under specific conditions
• COMMON MEASURES OF CONCENTRATION

  • Molarity
  • Molality
  • Mass Percent
  • Volume Percent
  • Mole Fraction
• Solubility greatly depends on the balance of the intermolecular forces of the solute and the solvent
• SOLUBILITY RULE

  • All nitrates are soluble
  • Most chlorides are soluble except AgCl, Hg2Cl2, and PbCl2
  • Most sulfates are soluble; exceptions include BaSO4, PbSO4, and SrSO4
  • All carbonates are insoluble except NH4+ and those of Group 1
  • All hydroxides are insoluble except those of Group 1, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2
  • All sulfides are insoluble except those of Group 1, Group 2 and NH4+
• Brownian Motion is the movement of the particles in a substance
• Tyndall Effect is the scattering of light as it passes through a colloid
• All matter is made of atoms
• Atoms of the same element are identical
• Atoms can combine to produce other substances
• Atoms combine in specific proportion to form a specific substance