topografia

• Thorax


  Chest cavity

  
• Upper border of the thorax

  • Incisura Jugularis
  • Art.Sternoclavicularis
  • Art.Acromioclavicularis
  • Proc.Spinosus Vertebrae Prominens(C7)

  
• Immediate upper border

  • Middle of the clavicle
  • Plica Axillaris Anterior

  
• Lower border of the thorax

  • Proc.Xiphoideus
  • Arcus Costalis
  • Costa XII(Lower edge)
• Lower border of the thorax

  Corresponds to Apertura Thoracis Inferior
• Angulus Infrasternalis


  Formed by 2 Arcus Costalis, contains Fossa Epigastrica s.Scrobiculus Cordis
• Apertura Thoracis Superior

  • Anteriorly - Incisura Jugularis
  • Laterally - Costa I
  • Posteriorly - Vertebrae Prominens(C7)/Vertebrae Th1

  
• Apertura Thoracis Inferior

  • Anteriorly - Proc.Xiphoideus
  • Laterally - Arcus Costalis, Costae XI-XII
  • Posteriorly - Vertebrae Th12(Corpus)

  
• The thoracic cage has an anterior wall, lateral walls, and a posterior wall

  
• Natural points

  • Incisura Jugularis
  • Art.Sternoclavicularis
  • Angulus Sterni(Discus Intervertebralis Th4-Th5)
  • Synchondrosis Xiphosternalis(Discus Intervertebralis Th8-Th9)
  • Angulus Inferior Scapulae(Costae V)
  • Proc.Spinosus Vertebrae Thoracica(Spines)
  • Papilla Mammae
  • Spatium Intercostale IV(7-8cm from lateral edge of Sternum)

  
• Natural lines


  • Margo Sterni
  • Margo Costales
  • Clavicula
  • Arcus Costales
  • Columna Vertebrales
  • Margo et Spina Scapulae
  • Plica Axillaris Anterior(caused by lower edge of M.Pectoralis Major)
  • Plica Axillaris Posterior(caused by lower edge of M.Latissimus Dorsi)
• Topographic regions anteriorly

  • Regio Presternalis
  • Regio Pectoralis
  • Regio Mammaria
  • Regio Inframammaria
  • Regio Axillaris
• Topographic regions posteriorly

  • Regio Vertebrales
  • Regio Scapularis
  • Regio Infrascapularis
• Cavitas Thoracis


  Thoracic cavity

  
• Upper border of the thoracic cavity

  • Plane of the Superior Thoracic Aperture, above which pass: Apex Pulmonis, Cupola Pleurae

  
• Lower border of the thoracic cavity is the diaphragm

  
• Walls of the thoracic cavity

  • Anterior wall
  • Lateral walls (paired)
  • Posterior wall

  
• Composition of the anterior wall

  • Sternum
  • Costal cartilages
  • Anterior parts of Costae I-IX
  • Soft parts

  
• Composition of the lateral walls

  • Costae
  • Neighbouring muscles
• Composition of the posterior wall

  • Pars Thoracica Columna Vertebralis
  • Posterior parts of Costae (to Angulus Costae)
• Sulcus Pulmonalis is located in the posterior wall
• The thoracic cavity is divided into: Spatium Pleuropulmonale (paired), Mediastinum (single)</b>

  
• The border between them is the Pleura Mediastinalis
• They are connected through the Radix Pulmonis (Th5)
• Spatium Pleuropulmonale


  Lined by Pleura Parietalis, Pleura Visceralis (Pulmonary) covers the lung
• Cavitas Pleuralis


  Space between Pleura Parietalis and Pleura Visceralis

  
• Mediastinum


  Single space in the middle of the thoracic cavity

  
• Walls of the Mediastinum

  • Superior wall
  • Inferior wall
  • Anterior wall
  • Posterior wall
  • Lateral walls (paired)
• Mediastinum is connected to: Spatium Viscerale Colli (above), Cavitas Abdominalis (below)
• Contents of the superior wall of the Mediastinum

  • Trachea
  • Oesophagus
  • Mm.Prevertebrales
  • Large blood vessels

  
• Contents of the inferior wall of the Mediastinum

  • Centrum Tendineum
  • Pars Sternalis
  • Pars Lumbalis et Crura Diaphragmalis
  • Hiatus Aorticus
  • Hiatus Oesophagus
  • Ostium V.Cavae Inferior

  
• Contents of the anterior wall of the Mediastinum

  • Sternum
  • Costal cartilages

  
• The lateral walls of the Mediastinum are the Pleura Mediastinalis

  
• Contents of the posterior wall of the Mediastinum

  • Corpus Vertebrae Th2-Th12

  
• The Mediastinum is divided into: Mediastinum Superius, Mediastinum Inferius
• The border between them is a horizontal plane passing anteriorly at the Angulus Sterni and posteriorly at the Discus Intervertebralis IV-V
• This plane corresponds to the Bifurcatio Trachea in the thoracic cavity

  
• Subdivisions of the Mediastinum Inferius

  • Mediastinum Anterius
  • Mediastinum Medium
  • Mediastinum Posterius
• Contents of the Mediastinum Superius

  • Thymus (behind the sternum)
  • N.Phrenicus
  • N.Laryngeus Recurrens
  • Plexus Cardiacus
  • Mm.Prevertebrales
  • Nodi Lymphatici Mediastinales Anterior
  • Nodi Lymphatici Paratracheales
• Venous plane in the Mediastinum

  • V.Brachiocephalica Dexter/Sinister
  • Initial part of V.Cava Superior