MIDTERMS

• Zoology - the study of animals
• Anatomy - the study of the structure of entire organisms and their parts
• Cytology - the study of the structure and functions of cells
• Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics - the study of structure, function, and evolution of the genetic composition of groups of animals using computer-based computational methods
• Ecology - the study of the interaction of organisms with their environment
• Embryology - the study of the development of an animal from the fertilized egg to birth or hatchling
• Histology - the study of tissues
• Molecular biology - the study of subcellular details of structure and function
• Parasitology - the study of animals that live in or on other organisms at the expense of the host
• Physiology - the study of the function of organisms and their parts
• Systematics - the study of the classification of, and the evolutionary interrelationship among, animal groups.
• Entomology - the study of insects
• Herpetology - the study of amphibians and reptiles
• Ichthyology - the study of fishes
• Mammalogy - the study of animals
• Ornithology - the study of birds
• Protozoology - the study of protozoa
• Organic evolution - a change in the genetic makeup of populations of organisms overtime
• Binomial nomenclature - the system used to name species
• Genus name -the first part of a species' name
• Species epithet - the second part of a species' name
• Carl Von Linne - created the binomial nomenclature; initially used to name plants
• Cells - the fundamental unit of life
• Prokaryote - cells that lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles; belong in either domain Archaea or Eubacteria
• Eukaryote - cells that have many membrane-bound organelles
• Plasma membrane - outer layer of the cell that is composed mainly of phospholipids and proteins
• Selective permeability - quality of the cell membrane to allow certain material to move across them
• Simple diffusion - movement of molecules across membranes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
• Facilitated diffusion - movement of molecules across membranes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of carrier proteins
• Osmosis - diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration
• Isotonic solution - the tonicity wherein the area outside and inside the cell are of the same concentration levels
• Hypertonic solution - tonicity wherein the area outside of the cell is of a lower concentration than inside the cell; leads to cells shrinkage
• Hypotonic solution - tonicity wherein the area outside of the cell is of a higher concentration than inside the cell; leads to swelling of the cell and eventually bursting
• Active transport - movement of molecules across cell membranes from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration; requires energy
• Uniporter - carrier protein that aids the movement of one molecule independent of the other molecules
• Symporters - carrier protein that aids the movement of two molecules in the same direction through a protein channel
• Antiporters - carrier protein that aids the movement of two molecules in the opposite direction through a protein channel
• Metabolism - the sum of all cellular reactions
• Energy - the capacity to do work
• Adenosine triphosphate - the molecule that makes energy available within all cells