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• The rectification of the whole system of agriculture (an important aspect of the Philippine economy)
• Agrarian reform


  Normally done by the government where it redistributes the agricultural lands among the farmers of the country
• Social classes in pre-Spanish Philippines

  • Datus (nobility)
  • Maharlikas (freemen)
  • Aliping mamamahay (serfs)
  • Aliping saguiguilid (slaves)
• Despite the existence of different classes in the social structure, practically everyone had access to the fruits of the soil
• Encomienda


  A system of giving lands (Royal Land Grants) to the Spanish conquerors that were loyal to the monarch
• When the First Philippine Republic was established in 1899, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared in the Malolos Constitution his intention to confiscate large estates, especially the so-called Friar lands
• Ceilings on land acquisition

  16 hectares for private individuals and 1,024 hectares for corporations
• Key land laws during American period

  • Philippine Bill of 1902
  • Land Registration Act of 1902
  • Public Land Act of 1903
  • Tenancy Act of 1933
• Torrens system


  Comprehensive registration of land titles
• The 1935 Constitution stated that the promotion of social justice to ensure the well-being and economic security of all people should be the concern of the State
• President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the "Social Justice" program to arrest the increasing social unrest in Central Luzon
• Key laws and programs during Commonwealth period


  • Commonwealth Act No. 178
  • National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC)
  • Commonwealth Act No. 461
  • Rural Program Administration
  • Commonwealth Act No. 441
• Landlords who supported the Japanese lost their lands to peasants while those who supported the Huks earned fixed rentals in favor of the tenants
• Key laws and programs after Philippine independence

  • Republic Act No. 34
  • Republic Act No. 55
  • Executive Order No. 355
  • Republic Act No. 1160
  • Republic Act No. 1199
  • Republic Act No. 1400
  • Republic Act No. 821
• Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) abolished share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares, invested rights of preemption and redemption for tenant farmers, provided for an administrative machinery for implementation, institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing
• Key laws and programs during Marcos era

  • Republic Act No. 6389
  • Republic Act No. 6390
  • Presidential Decree No. 2
  • Presidential Decree No. 27
• Key laws and programs during Aquino era

  • Section 21 under Article II of 1987 Constitution
  • Executive Order No. 228
  • Executive Order No. 229
  • Proclamation No. 131
  • Executive Order No. 129-A
  • Republic Act No. 6657
  • Executive Order No. 405
  • Executive Order No. 407
• Key laws and programs during Ramos era


  • Republic Act No. 7881
  • Republic Act No. 7905
  • Republic Act No. 8435
  • Republic Act 8532
• Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999 (Farmer's Trust Fund) allowed the voluntary consolidation of small farm operation into medium and large-scale integrated enterprise that can access long-term capital
• Under Arroyo administration, the Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) project were created to contribute to the overall goal of rural poverty reduction especially in agrarian reform areas
• Under Duterte administration, the President placed 400 hectares of agricultural land in Boracay under CARP and DAR created an anti-corruption task force
• Under Marcos administration, Republic Act No. 11953 or NEW AGRARIAN EMANCIPATION ACT was passed in 2023 to condone all principal loans, unpaid amortizations and interests and exempt payment of estate tax on agricultural lands awarded under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
• Readings of the Philippine History
• EVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
• CONSTITUTION OF BIAK-NA-BATO


  1897
• MALOLOS CONSTITUTION


  1899
• THE COMMONWEALTH CONSTITUTION


  1935
• THE 1943 CONSTITUTION


  1943
• CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITARIANISM


  1973
• CONSTITUTION AFTER MARTIAL LAW

  1987
• Constitution


  A set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed, thus, the word itself means to be part of a whole, the coming together of distinct entities into one group, with the same principles and ideals
• These principles define the nature and extend of government
• Constitution of Biak-na-Bato


  • Provisionary constitution of the Philippine Republic during the Philippine Revolution
  • Promulgated by the Philippine revolutionary government on November 1, 1897
  • Written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer
• Organs of the government in the Biak-na-Bato Constitution


  • Supreme Council
  • Consejo Supremo de Gracia Y Justicia
  • Asamblea de Representantes
• May 1, 1898 - the defeat of the Spanish to the Americans in the battle of manila bay; the united states navy transported Aguinaldo back to the Philippines
• The Philippine declaration of independence was issued

  June 12, 1898
• The Malolos Congress was elected, which selected a commission to draw up a draft constitution


  September 17, 1898
• The Malolos Constitution document was approved by the congress


  November 29, 1898
• Malolos Constitution promulgated by Aguinaldo; titled "The Political Constitution of 1899"


  January 21, 1899
• Malolos Constitution


  • The Constitution has 39 Articles divided into four Titles with eight Articles of transitory provisions and the final additional article