Module 1

• Respiratory system


  The system that obtains, uses oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
• Parts of the respiratory system

  • Nostrils
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Bronchioles
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Alveoli
• Circulatory system

  The system composed of the heart, blood and blood vessels
• Components of the circulatory system

  • Blood
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
• Respiration

  1. Obtain oxygen

  2. Use oxygen

  3. Eliminate carbon dioxide
• Alveoli

  • Thin, moist walls
  • Well supplied with blood capillaries
  • Perfect for gaseous exchange
• Inhalation

  1. Diaphragm contracts and moves down

  2. Rib cage moves up

  3. Chest cavity expands

  4. Air pressure in chest drops

  5. Air rushes into lungs
• Exhalation

  1. Diaphragm relaxes and moves up

  2. Chest cavity reduces in size

  3. Air pressure in lungs increases

  4. Air leaves the lungs
• Gas exchange

  Delivery of oxygen from lungs to bloodstream<|>Elimination of carbon dioxide from bloodstream to lungs
• The human body needs a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients to survive</b>
• The circulatory system serves as the transport system in the body to distribute oxygen and nutrients
• Fluids in the circulatory system

  • Blood
  • Lymph
• Components of the circulatory system

  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
• Veins

  Have one-way valves to prevent backflow of blood
• Pulmonary circulation

  Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs, and oxygenated blood back to left atrium
• Systemic circulation

  Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to all parts of the body
• In the Philippines, the leading causes of mortality are diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems
• Common diseases of the circulatory system

  • Coronary heart disease
  • Heart attack
  • Heart failure
• Common diseases of the respiratory system

  • Not provided
• Coronary heart disease

  Also known as coronary artery disease, it is a build-up of plaque inside the coronary arteries that prevents blood from reaching the heart
• Coronary heart disease


  • Can cause heart attack, heart failure, chest pain (angina), and arrhythmia
• Coronary heart disease is known as the "silent epidemic" by some in the medical field
• Heart attack


  Occurs when the heart receives an insufficient amount of blood due to a blocked coronary artery
• If a heart attack is not cured in time, the heart muscle can become permanently damaged and eventually can lead to heart failure or even sudden death
• Heart failure


  Also known as congestive heart failure, it occurs due to weakened or damaged heart muscle which causes inefficient pumping of blood throughout the body
• Hypertension

  Also known as high blood pressure, it is defined by the increased force required to pump blood through the arteries
• Hypertension usually does not show any symptoms, but over time the excessive force can damage the heart and lead to stroke, heart disease, or kidney failure
• Stroke


  Also referred to as "brain attacks", it occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is cut off
• If a stroke is not diagnosed right away, it could cause permanent brain damage and can cause paralysis, slurred speech, altered brain function and death
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  An obstructive lung disease that makes it hard to breathe, causing serious long-term disability and early death
• COPD

  • About 80 percent of COPD is caused by cigarette smoking
  • Includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
• Chronic bronchitis

  A long-term inflammation of the large airways (bronchi), with symptoms of coughing of mucus over a long period of time
• Emphysema

  A long-term condition that affects the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, with symptoms including shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, sleep and heart problems, weight loss, and depression
• Lung cancer

  An abnormal growth of cells that can result in lumps, masses, or tumors, which may start in the lining of the bronchi or other areas of the respiratory system
• Asthma

  A long-term lung disease that causes difficulty in breathing due to inflammation of the airways, with symptoms including dry cough, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath
• Allergic reactions, infections and pollution can all trigger an asthma attack
• Ways to take care of the respiratory and circulatory system

  1. Exercise regularly

  2. Quit smoking

  3. Stay hydrated

  4. Eat a healthy and balanced diet
• Exercise and workouts are effective ways to keep the body healthy, as they produce proper blood flow in the body which reduces the chances of getting circulatory diseases and also expand the oxygen level in the body
• Smoking is the cause of a number of diseases, among which circulatory system diseases are the most usual ones, and can even cause death if already experiencing circulatory system diseases
• Drinking plenty of water everyday helps maintain a healthy weight and gives a thin consistency to the mucus lining of the airways and lungs, as being dehydrated may cause the mucus to thicken and get sticky, which can slow down respiration and make a person susceptible to illness