MANGUNLAY, FRANZEN

• Mechanical barriers


  vaginal diaphragm, vaginal ring, cervical cap, condom
• Chemical barriers


  insertion of spermicidal foams, creams, jellies, or

  suppositories into the vagina before intercourse.
• Surgical sterilization:


  tubal ligation and vasectomy
• 1. Abstinence

  2. Withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation (coitus interruptus)

  3. Fertility awareness

  4. Mechanical barriers

  5. Chemical barriers

  6. Intrauterine devices (IUDs)

  7. Hormonal

  6. Surgical sterilization


  CONTRACEPTIONS
• UTILITARIAN view


  is that patients possess rights to

  contraceptive treatment to reduce

  unplanned pregnancy and their resort

  to abortion
• FEMINISTS' ETHICS view


  emphasize that unless a woman can

  control her reproductive capacities,

  she will not be able to pursue her

  personal and professional interests as

  well as a man can.
• ABORTION


  defined as the premature termination of a

  pregnancy
• 1. Elective Abortions

  2. Therapeutic Abortions

  3. Spontaneous abortions/miscarriage

  4. Viability


  ABORTION TERMS:
• ELECTIVE ABORTION


  is the interruption of a pregnancy before the 20th week of

  gestation at the woman's request for reasons other than

  maternal health or fetal disease.
• THERAPEUTIC ABORTION


  is the interruption of a pregnancy before the 20th week of

  gestation because it endangers the mother's life or health or

  because the baby presumably would not be normal.
• Spontaneous abortions/miscarriage:


  the expulsion of the products of conception before the 20th

  week of gestation without deliberate interference
• Viability


  refers to the point at which the fetus is able to survive

  independently of the mother
• Artificial Insemination


  The oldest, well established procedure in cases

  of untreatable male infertility which has been

  regulated and submitted to standard medical

  guidelines in most developed countries
• AIh


  When the husband's semen is used

  and homologous or from the husband
• Aid


  Artificial Insemination by Donor and Donor's sperm is used
• Anonymous & non-anonymous sperm donations


  Practice of non-anonymous sperm donation is becoming

  popular because many donor-conceived persons have a

  desire and interest in finding out about where they came

  from and donor sperm should not be used before fertilization

  attempts with the husband's sperm have failed following

  application of micromanipulation methods.
• ... ANOTHER INFO ABOUT AIH ONLY

  
  

  
  

  theologians have argued for the morality of AIH,

  since they regard it simply as an assistance of nature

  But since the natural marital act is not performed and

  hence is not the cause of fertilization, AIH violates

  the principle of inseparability and has been explicitly

  rejected by the Church
• ... ANOTHER INFO ABOUT AID ONLY

  
  

  
  

  
  

  a more radical erosion of the natural bond between

  parent and child than AIH because it also involves a

  violation of the nontransferable and inalienable rights

  to procreation that married partners give one another.

  ◦ does not justify her obtaining a child by an act of

  adultery

  ◦ semen donor himself is being sexually exploited like

  a prostitute
• Vitro fertilization (IVF)


  a process whereby egg cells are fertilized by

  sperm outside the womb.
• Ectogenesis:


  The creation and gestation of a human baby outside the maternal

  womb
• Embryo


  A term for the developing human being during the first 8 weeks

  after fertilization
• Sex selection


  giving people the freedom to choose them

  children in this way could lead to further

  ethical problems
• In vitro


  Outside the human uterus
• Surrogate motherhood


  The bearing of a child by a woman with the aim of turning

  it over to another woman
• surrogate mother


  a woman who gives birth after carrying the fertilized

  ovum of another woman or, more commonly, after

  being artificially inseminated with sperm from the

  biological father.
• Surrogacy


  ◦thought to be a 'treatment' option for the infertile

  ◦ an alternative to adoption

  ◦fulfill peoples desires to be parents
• Stem cell technology


  a rapidly developing field that combines the efforts of

  cell biologists, geneticists, and clinicians and offers

  hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant

  and non-malignant diseases.

  ◦ predominant methods being used
• rape


  ◦is the crime of forcing somebody to have sex with one

  especially with violence. ◦It is the crime of forcefully having sex with someone

  against the person's wish (Chiedu, 2012).
• Satutory rape


  Sexual intercourse with a person below

  the age of consent.
• Physical trauma, possible infection, possible

  pregnancy


  Effects of rape
• suicide


  ending ones life
• Gestured suicide


  A feigned act of suicide (which may, but need not,

  involve self-harm), at the end of which the protagonist

  wishes, intends, and expects to be alive.
• Suicide conservative


  person who believes that in general we should

  intervene in the suicidal acts of others because

  suicide can never be in a person's best interests

  and/or because it is morally wrong.
• Suicide liberal


  person who believes that in general we should not

  intervene in the suicidal acts of others because

  autonomy is centrally important in the life of persons,

  and thus we each have the right to do what we will

  with our lives, even if we wish to give them up.
• Advance Directives


  a general term that refers to documents that "formally

  convey an individual's wishes about medical

  decisions to be made in the event that he or she

  loses decision-making capacity"
• 1. The living will

  2. Durable power of attorney for health care/Medical power of attorney (DPOA-HC)

  3. Physical Orders for Life-sustaining treatment

  4. Do not Resuscitate


  Types of Advance Directives:
• Durable power of attorney for health care/Medical power of attorney (DPOA-HC)


  a legal document in which you name a person to be a proxy (agent) to make all

  your health care decisions if you become unable to do so.
• The living will


  a legal document used to state certain future health care decisions only when a

  person becomes unable to make the decisions and choices on their own

  ◦ only used at the end-of-life
• Physical Orders for Life-sustaining treatment

  A POLST form also helps describe your wishes for health care (not an advance

  directive)
• Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders


  medical staff will try not to re-start your heart and breathing using methods such

  as CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and AED (automated external

  defibrillator).