Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharide


  Single sugar unit
• Hexose


  Sugars with six carbon atoms
• Monosaccharides are soluble in water
• Hydroxyl groups (OH)


  Allow monosaccharides to form hydrogen bonds with water, making them hydrophilic (water-loving)
• Monosaccharides can be chemically joined to form larger carbohydrates called disaccharides and polysaccharides
• Carbohydrates


  Macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
• Polymer


  A large molecule made up of many repeating monomers joined together by chemical bonds
• Disaccharide


  Two units of sugar joined together by a glycosidic bond
• Examples of monosaccharides

  • Alpha glucose
  • Beta glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
• Alpha glucose

  Hydroxyl group on carbon 1 is below the ring
• Beta glucose

  Hydroxyl group on carbon 1 is above the ring
• Monomer


  Small units that make up large molecules
• Condensation reaction


  Forms a chemical bond between 2 molecules and involves the elimination of a water molecule
• Where is carbon 1 found

  To the very right
• What is maltose made of

  2 alpha glucoses
• What is sucrose made of

  Alpha glucose & fructose
• What is lactose made of

  Alpha glucose & galactose
• Examples of disaccharides

  • Maltose
  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
• What type of bond forms between disaccharides?

  Glycosidic bond
• What polysaccharides make up starch?

  • Amylose
  • Amylopectin
• Describe the structure of amylose

  An unbranched polymer made up of many alpha glucoses (1,4 glycosidic bonds between them). Helical shape
• Describe the structure of amylopectin

  A branched polymer made up of alpha glucoses. Every 25-30 molecules there is a branch which is connected to the main body by 1,6 glycosidic bonds.
• What bonds are present in amylopectin?

  1,4 glycosidic bonds (main part)

  1,6 glycosidic bonds (branches)
• What is the main store of glucose in plants?

  Starch
• What is the main store of glucose in animals?

  Glycogen
• Describe the structure of glycogen

  A highly branched polymer of alpha glucoses joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds. Helical structure
• How does the structure of starch relate to its function?

  Helical shape and branches to make it compact (lots of glucose can fit in)
• How does the structure of glycogen relate to its function?

  The large number of branches mean that it has a lot of free ends to increase SA. This means that enzymes can convert glycogen back to glucose rapidly
• What is cellulose made of

  Beta glucose
• What is the structure of cellulose and how does it relate to its function

  Structure = long, straight and unbranched. Every other beta glucose is inverted which allows hydrogen bonds to form between the cellulose molecules. The hydrogen bonds give the structure collective strength. The cellulose molecules then group togeter to form microfibrils which further strengthens the cell wall.