CHEMISTRY

• Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
• Matter


  Anything that occupies space and has mass
• Properties of matter


  • Physical properties
  • Chemical properties
• Physical property


  A property that can be measured without changing the chemical composition of the matter
• Extensive property


  A physical property that depends on the amount of matter being measured
• Intensive property


  A physical property that is independent of the amount of matter being considered
• Chemical property


  The characteristic ability of a substance to react to form new substances
• Types of matter


  • Pure substance
  • Mixture
• Pure substance


  A form of matter with a definite composition and distinct properties
• Pure substances


  • Element
  • Compound
• Element


  A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances using any chemical means
• Compound


  A substance formed when two or more types of elements are used in fixed proportion with one another
• Mixture


  A combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities
• Mixtures


  • Homogeneous mixture
  • Heterogeneous mixture
• Homogeneous mixture


  A mixture where the composition is the same throughout
• Heterogeneous mixture


  A mixture where the components can be differentiated
• Heterogeneous mixtures


  • Suspension
  • Colloid
• Suspension


  A heterogeneous mixture where the particles eventually settle at the bottom
• Colloid


  A heterogeneous mixture where the particles are small enough to remain dispersed in the matrix
• Dispersed phase


  The component(s) of a colloid that is/are being dispersed
• Continuous phase


  The component where the dispersed phase is being dispersed (also called the dispersion medium)
• Tyndall effect


  The scattering of light when a beam is passed through a colloid
• Types of colloids


  • Solid sol
  • Solid emulsion or Gel
  • Solid foam
  • Sol
  • Emulsion
  • Foam
  • Solid Aerosol
  • Liquid Aerosol
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma
• Solid


  A state of matter with fixed shape and volume
• Liquid


  A state of matter with fixed volume but no fixed shape
• Gas


  A state of matter with no fixed shape or volume
• Plasma


  A state of matter composed of charged molecules or atoms
• We use cookies to enhance your browsing experience, serve personalized ads or content, and analyze our traffic. By clicking "Accept All", you consent to our use of cookies.
• Functional cookies


  Help perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collecting feedback, and other third-party features.
• Analytical cookies


  Used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics such as the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc.
• Performance cookies


  Used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors.
• Advertisement cookies


  Used to provide visitors with customized advertisements based on the pages you visited previously and to analyze the effectiveness of the ad campaigns.
• Atoms are the basic unit of an element that can enter into a chemical combination.
• Understanding atoms ultimately leads to understanding why certain elements behave or react in a certain manner.
• Atomic Theory of Matter Hypotheses

  • All matter consists of indivisible particles called atoms
  • All atoms of the same element are identical in terms of size, mass, and chemical properties. The atom of one element is different from the atom of another element
  • Atoms of different elements may combine in fixed proportions to form a compound
  • Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms—changes in how they are bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction
• The idea of an atom started as early as the 5th century B.C. when Democritus expressed his belief that matter is made up of smaller, indivisible particles he called 'atomos,' meaning indivisible.
• John Dalton formulated a precise definition of indivisible building blocks that we now call atoms in 1808.
• Subatomic particles


  Protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Electrons were the first subatomic particle to be discovered by Sir Joseph John Thomson in 1897.