muscular + skeletal ppt

• Landmarks on the Sternum


  • Jugular /Supraternal Notch - T2-T3
  • Angle Of Louis / Manubrio-Sternal Joint – T4-T5
  • Xiphisternal Joint – T9
• Types of Ribs According to Morphology

  • Typical - 3rd- 9th
  • Atypical – 1st,2nd, 10th-12th
• Types of Vertebrae

  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccygeal
• Atypical Thoracic Vertebrae

  • T1, T2, T11, T12
• Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
• Bones of the Upper Limb

  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
• Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
• Bones of the Lower Limb

  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Fibula
  • Tibia
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
• Classification of Joints According to Intervening Structure

  • Fibrous - Suture, Gomphosis, Schindylesis, Syndesmosis
  • Cartilaginous - Symphysis, Synchondrosis
  • Synovial - with a fibrous capsule around a synovial cavity between the articulating bones
• Types of Synovial Joints

  • Spheroid (cotyloid/ball and socket) - hip joint, shoulder joint
  • Ginglymus/Hinge joint - elbow joint, ankle joint, knee joint
  • Trochoid/Pivot joint - atlantoaxial joint, superior radio-ulnar joint
  • Condyloid joint - metacarpophalangeal joint
  • Ellipsoid joint - radiocarpal joint
  • Sellar/Saddle joint - between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb
  • Plane joint - between two carpal bones
• Neuromuscular Junction


  Where the motor neuron meets the muscle fiber
• Acetylcholine


  Neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, binds to cholinergic receptors at the motor end plate, metabolized by acetylcholinesterase
• Cardiac Muscle

  • Bundles form thick myocardium, Cardiac muscle cells are single cells (not called fibers), Cells branch, Cells join at intercalated discs, 1-2 nuclei in center, Inherent rhythmicity: each cell!
• Basis of Muscle Nomenclature

  • Shape
  • Size
  • Length
  • Location
  • Position
  • Number Of Heads
  • Direction Of Fibers
  • Action
  • Attachment
  • Structure
  • Combination (Of The Above)
• Basis of Muscle Nomenclature


  • Shape - Deltoid, Trapezius, Rhomboid
  • Size - Minimus, Medius, Maximus
  • Length - Longus, Brevis
  • Location - Frontalis, Thoracis, Abdominis
  • Position - Superficialis, Profundus, Superior
  • Number of Heads - Biceps, Triceps, Quadriceps
  • Direction of Fibers - Rectus, Obliquus
  • Action - Flexor, Extensor, Abductor, Adductor
  • Attachment - Sternohyoid
  • Structure - Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus
  • Combination (Of The Above)
• Muscles of Mastication

  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Lateral Pterygoid
  • Medial Pterygoid
• Muscles of the Middle Ear

  • Stapedius
  • Tensor Tympani
• Muscles of Pharynx

  • Pharyngeal Constrictor: Superior
  • Pharyngeal Constrictor: Middle
  • Pharyngeal Constrictor: Inferior
  • Palatopharyngeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus
  • Stylopharyngeus
• Muscles of Neck

  • Platysma
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalene Anterior
  • Scalene Medius
  • Scalene Posterior
• Suprahyoid Muscles

  • Digastric
  • Geniohyoid
  • Mylohyoid
  • Stylohyoid
• Infrahyoid Muscles

  • Sternohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Thyrohyoid
  • Omohyoid
• Suboccipital Muscles

  • Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
  • Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
  • Obliquus Capitis Superior
  • Obliquus Capitis Inferior
• Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

  • External Intercostal
  • Internal Intercostal
  • Transversus Thoracis
• Muscles of Abdominal Wall

  • External Oblique
  • Internal Oblique
  • Transversus Abdominis
• Superficial Layer Muscles of the Back

  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus Dorsi
  • Rhomboid Major
  • Rhomboid Minor
  • Levator Scapula
• Intermediate Layer Muscles of the Back

  • Serratus Post. Sup.
  • Serratus Post. Inf.
  • Levatores Costarum
• Deep Layer Muscles of the Back

  • Erector Spinae: Iliocostalis
  • Erector Spinae: Longissimus
  • Erector Spinae: Spinalis
  • Transversospinalis
  • Interspinalis
  • Intertransversarii
• Muscles of the Pelvis

  • Piriformis
  • Obturator Internus
• Muscles of Perineum

  • Bulbospongiosus
  • Ischiocavernosus
• Muscles of the Pectoral Region

  • Pectoralis Major
  • Pectoralis Minor
  • Subclavius
  • Serratus Anterior
• Scapulohumeral Muscles

  • Supraspinatus*
  • Teres Minor*
  • Infraspinatus*
  • Subscapularis*
  • Teres Major
  • Deltoid
• Muscles of the Posterior Forearm (Superficial Layer)

  • Ext. Carpi Radialis Brevis
  • Ext. Digitorum
  • Ext. Digiti Minimi
  • Ext.Carpi Ulnaris
  • Anconeus
• Muscles of the Posterior Forearm (Deep Layer)

  • Abductor Pollicis Longus
  • Ext. Pollicis Brevis
  • Ext. Pollicis Longus
  • Ext. Indicis
  • Supinator
• Thenar Muscles of the Hand

  • Abductor Pollicis Brevis
  • Flexor Pollicis Brevis
  • Opponens Pollicis
• Hypothenar Muscles of the Hand

  • Abductor Digiti Minimi
  • Flexor Digiti Minimi
  • Opponens Digiti Minimi
  • Palmaris Brevis
• Other Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand

  • Lumbricals
  • Dorsal Interossei
  • Palmar Interossei
• Muscles of Gluteal Region

  • Gluteus Maximus
  • Gluteus Medius
  • Gluteus Minimus
  • Piriformis*
  • Superior Gemellus*
  • Obturator Internus*
  • Inferior Gemellus*
  • Quadratus Femoris*
• Muscles of Anterior Thigh

  • Sartorius*
  • Iliopsoas
  • Pectineus
  • Quadriceps Femoris: Rectus Femoris
  • Quadriceps Femoris: Vastus Lateralis
  • Quadriceps Femoris: Vastus Intermedius
  • Quadriceps Femoris: Vastus Medialis
• Muscles of Medial Thigh

  • Gracilis
  • Adductor Longus
  • Adductor Brevis
  • Adductor Magnus (Adductor Part)
• Muscles of Posterior Thigh

  • Biceps Femoris*
  • Semitendinosus*
  • Semimembranosus*
  • Adductor Magnus (Hamstring Part)