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• Evolution


  Theory in biology postulating that the various types of plants, animals, and other living things on Earth have their origin in other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations
• Genetic change over successive generations


  Definition of evolution
• Descent modification


  Belief that species arose from others through a long and gradual process of transformation
• Evolution


  Refers to gradual changes in societies or cultures, organized and follow the laws
• Evolution


  Small scale, long duration, peaceful
• Revolution


  Big scale, short duration, non-peaceful or chaos
• Social evolution

  One of social change theory that based on the foundation that societies developed through particular steps, from simple to complex
• Auguste Comte's social evolution theory

  Societies or human mental development developed through 3 stages: primitive (theological), metaphysical and positive
• Comte's positive stage


  Scientific reasoning is important
• Comte's view of societies

  Social organisms were harmony in terms of structure & function, characterized by the specialization of expanded function & the tendency adapting to more perfect organ
• Cultural evolution

  The idea that culture evolves in a manner analogous (but not identical) to biological/genetic evolution
• Thinkers who used evolution in their analysis frameworks

  • Henry Maine
  • Edward Burnett Tylor
  • Emile Durkheim
  • Lewis Henry Morgan
• Tylor's view on religion evolution

  From animism to polytheism to monotheism to science
• Morgan's ideas on evolution

  Unilineal evolutionism
• Social evolution theory was significantly associated to the belief that social development is inevitable & exist in the process of evolution
• In early development of anthropology, the concept of 'evolution' was sometimes misunderstood as 'transformation', 'development' and 'progress'
• Currently, the concept social evolution is not popular among sociologists and anthropologists. More popular: Social Change
• Stages of Social Change

  • Primitive
  • Feudal
  • Industrial
• Thinkers and their stages of social change

  • Lewis Henry Morgan: Savagery, Barbarism, Civilized
  • Henry Maine: Status, Contact
  • Auguste Comte: Theological, Metaphysical, Positive
  • Emile Durkheim: Mechanical, Organic
• Bronisław Malinowski


  One of the most important anthropologists of the 20th century, founder of social anthropology, associated with field studies of the peoples of Oceania
• A.R. Radcliffe-Brown


  English social anthropologist who developed a systematic framework of concepts and generalizations relating to the social structures of preindustrial societies and their functions, known for his theory of functionalism and role in founding British social anthropology
• Functionalism

  Emerged in early 20th century as reactions to 19th centuries evolutionism, two main strands associated with Radcliffe-Brown and Malinowski
• Malinowski's functionalism

  Rooted in ethnography and needs functionalism
• Structural functionalism

  Approach advanced by Radcliffe-Brown and Evan Evans-Pritchard
• Functionalists' view of societies

  Entire culture as integrated & patterned, societies as systems in various parts, worked together to maintain the whole
• Claude Lévi-Strauss


  French anthropologist and ethnologist, key in the development of the theory of structuralism and structural anthropology
• Structuralism


  Associated with Claude Levi-Strauss, aims to discover relationships, themes, and connections aspects of culture, based on belief that human minds have certain universal characteristics which originate in common features of the Homo sapiens brain
• Levi-Strauss's view on classification

  A universal aspect is opposition, or contrast, reflected in binary oppositions like good and evil, white and black
• Levi-Strauss's analysis of Cinderella