biology

• Prokaryotic cells


  Lack a true nucleus, typically small in size, found in bacteria, blue-green algae, and some archaea.
• Eukaryotic cells


  Have a true nucleus, typically larger in size, found in plants, animals, fungi, protists, and some algae.
• Prokaryotic cell


  Cell without a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Eukaryotic cell


  Cell with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Bacteria


  A type of prokaryotic cell, found in a variety of environments
• Archaea


  A type of prokaryotic cell, often found in extreme environments
• Plants (Plant Cells)


  Eukaryotic cells with chloroplasts, found in plants and photosynthetic organisms
• Animals (Animal Cells)


  Eukaryotic cells without chloroplasts, found in animals and some protists
• Animal cell structure


  Components of animal cells: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus
• Plant cell structure


  Components of plant cells: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplasts, vacuoles, mitochondria, ER
• Bacteria cell structure


  Components of bacteria cells: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, mesosome, pili, flagella
• Ribosome function


  Ribosome function, protein synthesis, initiation, elongation, termination, translation, mRNA binding
• Mitochondrial function


  Mitochondrial function, energy generation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic respiration, fatty acid oxidation
• Cytoplasm


  The jelly-like substance inside the cell where many metabolic processes take place.
• Cell Wall


  A rigid, non-living layer external to the plasma membrane that provides support and protection to the cell.
• Chloroplasts


  Organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis.
• Mitochondria


  Responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
• Vacuoles


  Store water, salts, sugars, amino acids, and other solutes.
• Waste Disposal


  Vacuoles break down and remove cellular waste products.
• Ribosomes


  Responsible for protein synthesis, reading the genetic code and assembling amino acids into a protein chain.
• Cell Membrane


  Allows selective transport of substances, regulates cellular processes, signaling, structure, and support.
• Light Microscope


  Uses visible light, relatively low magnification, suitable for examining larger, transparent samples.
• Electron Microscope


  Uses electrons, high magnification, ideal for examining fine structures like viruses, bacteria, and proteins.
• Light Microscope Advantages


  Easy to use, affordable, rapid imaging, wide range of samples, limited resolution, difficulty imaging small samples, difficulty imaging thick samples.
• Objective Lens


  Responsible for focusing the light onto the sample.
• Fine Focus


  Makes precise adjustments to the focus, adjusts position of objective lens relative to sample, achieves sharp image.
• Coarse Focus


  Makes quick adjustments to the focus, brings sample into rough focus, adjusts distance between objective lens and sample.
• Stage


  Sample placement, sample movement, focusing aid.
• Eyepiece


  Magnification, eye relief, field of view.
• DNA Structure


  Double helix, base pairing, sugar phosphate backbone.
• DNA Functions


  Genetic information, protein synthesis, inheritance.
• What is the primary type of chemical interaction between C and G in DNA?

  Hydrogen bonding.
• What type of base pair forms between Adenine and Thymine?

  A-T.
• What is the name of the double-ring structure with a purine base that pairs with Thymine?

  Adenine.
• Which base pairs with Adenine in DNA?

  Thymine.
• Which base pairs with Cytosine in DNA?

  Guanine.
• What is the backbone of DNA composed of?

  Sugar molecules (Deoxyribose), phosphate groups, and phosphodiester bonds.
• What type of bond links the sugar molecules in DNA?

  Phosphodiester bond.
• Where are the sugar molecules located in DNA?

  In the phosphate-sugar backbone.
• What is the main function of phosphodiester bonds in DNA?

  Stabilization, backbone formation, and shape preservation.