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• Human Acts


  Actions performed by a person who has full knowledge through "free will"
• Human Acts


  • May be judged as good or evil and moral or immoral
• 3 Substantial Elements of Human Acts

  • Knowledge
  • Freedom
  • Voluntariness
• Knowledge


  The doer is conscious of their actions and the consequences of their actions. Knowledge directs one to be mindful of their actions.
• Freedom


  The doer acts through their own choice without being forced by another person or situation
• Voluntariness


  The act is done willfully when the doer consents to the act, accepting it as their own, and assumes accountability for its consequences
• An action can be voluntary if it is performed freely, but not all actions performed freely may necessarily be voluntary if there are external factors influencing the decision
• Norms


  Accepted standards of behavior of social groups. Unwritten rules about how people should behave.
• Moral Norms


  Rules of morality that people ought to follow
• 2 kinds of norms in ethics

  • Conscience
  • Law
• Conscience


  The "inner voice" that tells a person to do what is good and to avoid evil. It also judges particular choices, approving what is good and denouncing what is evil.
• Law


  A rule of conduct enacted by competent figures of authority for the sake of the common good
• Types of Laws

  • Divine Law
  • Human/Temporal Law
  • Positive Law
  • Affirmative Law
  • Negative Law
• Divine Law


  Laws that work within religion
• Examples of Divine Law

  • 10 Commandments
  • Five Pillars of Islam (Shahada, Salat, Alms, Fasting, Pilgrimage)
• Shahada


  "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God" is central to Islam
• Salat


  Ritual prayer that is obligatory for Muslims to perform five times a day
• Alms


  Muslims donate a fixed portion of their income to community members in need
• Fasting


  Abstaining from food, drink, and sexual relations from before the first light of dawn until the setting of the sun. Muslims are required to fast on each of the 29 to 30 days of Ramadan.
• Pilgrimage


  The pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which every adult Muslim must make at least once in their lifetime
• Human/Temporal Laws


  Laws made by humans. All human laws are temporal laws.
• Examples of Human/Temporal Laws

  • State of Calamity Declarations
  • Quarantine Measures during Public Health Emergencies
  • Martial Law Proclamations
• Positive Laws


  Man-made laws consisting of codes, regulations, and decrees that specify people to obey
• Examples of Positive Laws


  • Criminal Law
  • Family Law
  • Speed Limit Laws
  • No Smoking Laws
  • No Trespassing Laws
  • Drug Possession Laws
  • Anti-Discrimination Laws
  • No Parking Laws
  • Environmental Protection Laws
  • No Littering Laws
  • Animal Cruelty Laws
• Affirmative Laws


  Legislation and policies aimed at promoting equality, addressing historical discrimination, and providing opportunities for marginalized groups
• Examples of Affirmative Laws

  • Republic Act No. 7277 (Magna Carta for Disabled Persons)
  • Republic Act No. 9710 (Magna Carta of Women)
• Negative Laws


  Laws that prohibit certain actions or behaviours
• Examples of Negative Laws

  • Speed Limit Laws
  • No Smoking Laws
  • No Trespassing Laws
  • Drug Possession Laws
  • Anti-Discrimination Laws
  • No Parking Laws
  • Environmental Protection Laws
  • No Littering Laws
  • Animal Cruelty Laws
• Moral Courage


  Taking action when you know it will cost you personally to help others. Standing up for your beliefs in the face of criticism from peers, family, and friends.
• Courage


  The ability to do something that one is fearful of. Derived from the Latin word "cor" which means "heart".
• Theological Virtues as Foundation of Moral Courage

  • Faith
  • Hope
  • Charity
• Faith


  The theological virtue by which an individual believes in the divine and in all that a higher being has said and revealed to humankind. Trusting and obeying a higher being.
• Hope


  The optimistic anticipation or belief in the possibility of positive outcomes, even in challenging or uncertain circumstances.
• Charity


  The act of selflessly giving to others in need. Involves acts of generosity, kindness, and altruism without expecting anything in return.
• The 10 Commandments: A Guide to Develop Moral Courage

  • You shall have no other gods before me
  • You shall not make for yourself an idol
  • You shall not make wrongful use of the name of your God
  • Remember the Sabbath day, and keep it holy
  • Honor your father and mother
  • You shall not commit adultery
  • You shall not murder
  • You shall not steal
  • You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor
  • You shall not covet your neighbor's house, wife, or possessions
• Kapwa


  The core of Sikolohiyang Pilipino and heart of the structure of Filipino values. Pakikipagkapwa means treating the other person as kapwa or fellow human being.
• 2 Categories of Kapwa

  • Pakikitungo (civility)
  • Pakikisalimuha (act of mixing)
• Pakikitungo


  Encompasses the manner of how one behaves or relates to others, often emphasizing respect, courtesy, and politeness.
• Pakikisalimuha


  Encapsulates the idea of harmonious interaction, respect, and cooperation within a community or social group. Highlights the significance of unity and collective well-being.
• Pakikisama


  Emphasizes the importance of harmonious relationships within a group or community.