SCIENCE 2 (CELL THEORY)

• Order - structural hierarchy from simple to

  more complex organization
• unicellular - consist of one cell
• multicellular - more than one cell
• cells - basic unit of life
• tissues - group of cells
• organs - collections of tissues serving common functions
• organ systems - working together to execute a specific body function
• organisms - contiguous living systems
• metabolism - all chemical processes that take place in an organism
• ATP - adenosine triphosphate, a nucleotide that is the main energy currency of the cell
• anabolism - the process of building complex molecules from simpler ones, using energy from respiration
• catabolism - the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules, usually releasing energy
• homeostasis - the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment
• growth - the increase in the size of an organism or its parts
• development - maturation/differentiation of an organism's cell tissues to be able to perform a new function
• enzymes - biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions without being used up themselves
• metabolism - all chemical reactions taking place within living cells
• responsiveness/sensitivity - ability of an organism to respond to external changes or stimuli
• photosynthesis - process where plants use sunlight to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water
• cellular respiration - series of metabolic processes that convert glucose into ATP, releasing energy
• taxis - ability of animals and other motile organism to move in response to a stimulus
• tropism - ability of plants to direct their growth or movement of their parts
• asexual reproduction - single parent offspring
• sexual reproduction - two parents offspring
• adaptation - the process by which an organism changes to suit its environment
• physical adaptation - the physical features of an organism that help it survive in its environment
• behavioral adaptation - organisms act to help them survive their habitat
• physiological adaptation - internal/external of an organism that allow it to survive its habitat. (ex. venom secretion)
• hibernation - stays in dormant state during the winter to conserve energy
• pack hunting - hunts its prey by working together to surround and trap it
• nocturnality - active during the night and dormant during the day
• cell theory

  • proposed by Theodor Schwann, Matthais Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow
  • composed of one or more cells
  • basic unit structure and function of all organisms
  • came from pre-existing, living cells
• Modern Cell Theory

  • energy flows within cells
  • information passed to parent to daughter
  • same chemical and composition
• Procaryotes

  • lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles (Ex. Mitochondria & Chloroplasts)
  • has a central part, nucleoid where DNA is found
• Cell/plasma membrane (city gates)

  • fluid mosaic of phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
  • protect the cell from its surrounding
• Cytoskeleton (scaffolding) - provides shape and support
• Cytoplasm - entire contents and bounded by the plasma membrane
• cytosol - water
• nucleus - genetic information (chromosomes)
• Nucleolus (protein/factory workers) - functions in the synthesis of ribosomes (mRNA)