Chap 4

• What causes Infectious Diseases?

  Infectious Diseases are caused by infection of pathogens directly through mediums and vectors
• What are the two main categories of diseases discussed?

  Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases
• Can Infectious Diseases be transmitted from one individual to another?

  Yes, Infectious Diseases can be transmitted from one individual to another
• Give an example of an Infectious Disease.

  Tuberculosis
• What causes Non-Infectious Diseases?

  Non-Infectious Diseases are caused by genetic factors or lifestyle
• Give an example of a Non-Infectious Disease.

  Cancer
• Can Non-Infectious Diseases be transmitted from one individual to another?

  No, Non-Infectious Diseases cannot be transmitted from one individual to another
• What are the types of Airborne diseases and their prevention methods?

  Types:

  • Droplet transmission
  • Dust transmission

  
  

  Prevention:

  • Cover mouth and nose when sneezing, coughing, or yawning
  • Do not spit everywhere
  • Avoid crowded places
• Name an example of an Airborne disease.

  Tuberculosis
• What is a common example of a Waterborne disease?

  Cholera
• What are the types of Waterborne diseases and their prevention methods?

  Types:

  • Occurs in areas with inadequate water supply and poor sanitation

  
  

  Prevention:

  • Build toilets with good sanitation
  • Boil drinking water properly
  • Wash hands with soap after using the toilet
• How can infections occur through contact?

  Infections can occur by touching infected skin or wearing the same clothes as an infected person
• What are vectors in the context of disease transmission?

  Vectors are animals that transmit pathogens
• Give an example of a vector and the disease it transmits.

  Aedes mosquito - Dengue virus
• How do vectors spread diseases?

  1. A fly lands on dirt and collects pathogens
  2. The fly transmits pathogens to food
  3. Pathogens enter the body of the person who eats the contaminated food
• What are the three stages of prevention of infectious diseases?

  1. Primary stage - Improving health
  2. Secondary stage - Determining transmission through active and passive case detection
  3. Tertiary stage - Controlling vector populations
• What are the first and second lines of defense in the body's non-specific defense mechanism?

  First Line of Defence:

  • Skin: Prevents pathogens from entering the body

  
  

  Second Line of Defence:

  • White blood cells: Fight pathogens through phagocytosis
• What is the third line of defense in the body's specific defense mechanism?

  • Body immune system: Fights pathogens by producing antibodies
• What is Active Immunity and its types?

  Active Immunity:

  • Natural: Occurs when a person recovers from an infection
  • Artificial: Vaccine containing dead or weakened pathogen injected into the body
• What is Passive Immunity and its types?

  Passive Immunity:

  • Natural: Antibodies received from breast milk or mother's blood
  • Artificial: Antiserum injected into the body
• What are some causes that weaken the immune system?

  Exposure to polluted air, stress, and exposure to pesticides
• What practices can strengthen the immune system?

  • Getting enough sleep or rest
  • Exercising and inhaling fresh air
  • Doing periodic health examinations