Lesson 5

• Nutrition in pregnancy and lactation


  Ensures optimum nutrition before, during and after pregnancy and during lactation
• Characteristics of pregnancy

  • Fertilized ovum implants itself to the uterus
  • Human pregnancy lasts for 266 to 280 days (37-40 weeks)
  • Consists of three trimesters
  • Has three main phases: implantation, organogenesis, growth
• Nutrition in pregnancy

  1. Always start with diet history

  2. Identify PICA (persistent ingestion of inedible substances)

  3. Ensure adequate intake of calories, protein, carbohydrates, fiber, fats, iron, calcium, sodium, folic acid, iodine, vitamins
• Calorie allowances in pregnancy

  Non-pregnant requirements: 1,800 to 2,200 Kcal/day<|>Additional caloric requirement per day: 300 Kcal/day<|>Usual daily caloric need in pregnancy: 2,100 to 2,500; never less than 1,800 Kcal/day
• Maternal weight gain

  24 to 35 lbs (11.2 - 16 kg)<|>1 lb per month during the FIRST trimester<|>1 lb per week during the 2ND and 3RD trimester<|>3 - 12 - 12
• Maternal underweight


  High risk of low birthweight, preterm and infant deaths
• Maternal overweight


  High risk of complications in labor and delivery, hypertension, gestational DM, and postpartum infections
• Protein allowances


  Additional 30 g/day to ensure 74 to 76 g/day<|>Rich food sources include milk, meat, fish, poultry and eggs<|>Provides for the storage of nitrogen, protects the mother, growth for maternal uterus/mammary tissues/placenta, fetal growth and repair, hormonal preparation for lactation
• Carbohydrates


  Sufficient intake is necessary for added energy<|>Avoid "empty" calories like soft drinks