Anaphy - Prelims

• Anatomy


  The study of the structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are organized
• Dissect


  To cut the body parts to study
• Subdivisions of Gross Anatomy

  • Systemic Anatomy
  • Regional Anatomy
  • Surface Anatomy
• Systemic Anatomy


  Study of organs per system
• Regional Anatomy


  Study of organs per region
• Surface Anatomy


  Study of external features
• Why study anatomy


  • For students planning to take up medical courses to have a background knowledge on the human body
  • Basis to understand diseases and pathologies
• Physiology


  The study of the functions of body parts, what they do, and how they do it
• Pathology


  The study of the diseases of the body
• Symptoms


  Any changes in the body
• Anatomy is not changing, rather it is improving
• Basic reference systems of bodily organization

  • Directions
  • Planes
  • Cavities
  • Structural units
• Anatomical Position


  The human body must be in the erect position, face directed forward, arms at the side, palms of the hand facing forward, and feet facing forward when describing the 4 basic reference systems
• Terms of Direction


  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Anterior or Ventral
  • Posterior or Dorsal
  • Superficial
  • Deep
  • Cephalad or Cranial
  • Caudal
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Proximal
  • Distal
• Actions requiring directions


  • Supine
  • Prone
• Body Parts and Regions

  • Head
  • Neck
  • Trunk
  • Upper limb
  • Lower limb
• Abdominal Subdivisions


  • Right upper quadrant
  • Left upper quadrant
  • Right Lower quadrant
  • Left lower quadrant
• Abdominal Regions


  • Left hypochondriac
  • Right hypochondriac
  • Left Lumbar
  • Right Lumbar
  • Left Inguinal
  • Right Inguinal
  • Epigastric
  • Umbilical
  • Hypogastric
• Planes


  • Frontal or Coronal Plane
  • Midsagittal or Sagittal Plane
  • Transverse or Horizontal Plane
• Sections


  • Longitudinal section
  • Transverse section
  • Oblique section
• Major Cavities


  • Dorsal Cavity
  • Ventral Cavity
• Dorsal Cavity


  • Cranial Cavity
  • Spinal Cavity
• Ventral Cavity


  • Thoracic Cavity
  • Abdominopelvic cavity
• Thoracic Cavity


  • Pleural Cavity
  • Pericardial Cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity


  • Abdominal Cavity
  • Pelvic Cavity
• Mediastinum


  Includes the heart, thymus gland, lymph and blood vessels, trachea, esophagus and nerves
• Coverings


  • Parietal
  • Visceral
• Mesentery


  Anchors all the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity to the wall
• Structural Levels of Organization of the Human Body

  • Atoms
  • Molecules
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Systems
  • Human Organism
• Atoms


  The smallest units of elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Molecules


  Formed when atoms combine through chemical bonds to form units such as water, sugars, and amino acids
• Cells


  The smallest living units of biologic organization made of structures that perform the activities of life, such as the nucleus that controls all the activities of the cell
• Tissues


  Made up of similar cells that perform similar functions, such as muscle tissues that cause contraction and movement
• Organs


  There are four different kinds of tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous) that group together in different proportions to make an organ like the stomach, which mixes our food with digestive enzymes
• Systems


  A group of organs makes up a body system like the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs that makes up the respiratory system whose function is to bring in oxygen to the body cells and take away carbon dioxide gas
• Human Organism


  All of the organ systems together constitute a functioning human being
• Organ Systems


  • Integumentary System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Respiratory System
  • Digestive System
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Urinary System
  • Female Reproductive System
  • Male Reproductive System
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of the body's internal environment within varying narrow limits, most of which are governed by endocrine and nervous system
• Body monitors deviations in homeostasis

  • Negative feedback loop
  • Positive Feedback loop
• Negative feedback loop


  Any homeostatic process that changes the direction of the stimulus, either increasing or decreasing it