six elements of human variations

• Nationality - is the identity that is tied to being part of a nation or country.
• Nationality - group of people who share the same history, traditions, and language and who inhabits a particular territory delineated by a political border
• Ethnicity / ethnic groups - smaller cultural groups that share specific social environments, traditions, and histories
• there are about 180 indigenous ethnic groups in the Philippines and more then 100 tribal groups who are mostly inhabiting legally awarded ancestral domains.
• Gender - socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and atttributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.
• Sex - biological characteristics of humas such as male or female, gender categories are more varied, accommodating identities such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex
• heterosexual - sexually attracted to a person of opposite sex
• homosexual - a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex
• gay - a male who is romantically or sexually attracted to other males
• lesbian - a female who is romantically and sexually attracted to another female
• bisexual - attracted to both sexes
• asexual - incapable of being attracted to any sex
• polysexual - attracted to multiple types of gender
• pansexual - accommodate all types of gender
• transgender - people whose gender identities do not match theor biological identity as male or female. their sexual orientations is not related to their genitalia
• transsexual - believe that the discord between their internal gender and the gender role that they have to perform can be addressed through medical sexual reassignment
• sogie meaning - sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression
• sexual orientation - refers to a person's biological identity, which may be male or female, or intersex
• gender identity - individual's internal concept of self that may be related to being masculine, feminine, neither, or both, without strict relations to the physical characteristics
• gender expression - is how an individual chooses to present himself or herself in society. It can be the use of pronouns, clothes they wear, general behavior
• socioeconomic class - societies as the ideas associated with being poor or rich differ based on the collective experiences of individuals
• british traditional three-class system: upper, middle, and working class
• seven class system: elite, established middle class, technical middle class, new affluent workers, traditional working class, emergent service workers, and precariat
• political identity - social category refers to a set of attitudes and practices that an individual adheres to in a relation to the political systems and actors within his or her society.
• religion - earliest form of religion revolved around making sense of natural occurences such as extreme weather conditions, natural and man-made calamities, and even death
• monotheistic - believing in the existence of one God
• polytheistic - believing in more than one god or gods, or in many gods
• exceptionality - spectrum of capabilities, wherein you have the geniuses in one extreme and you have the disabled and challenged in the other extereme
• ethnocentrism - perspective that promotes an individual's culture as the most efficient and superior; their culture is the most appropriate as compared with other cultures
• race - form of human classification that was based on observable human traits and characteristics
• rights - everyone has it, absolute
• privilege - not everyone have it
• male gender roles during pre-colonial - datu, rajah, bagani
• female gender role during pre-colonial - binukot, farmer, land tiller
• male&female gender role during pre-colonial - merchant, potter, weaver, babaylan
• colonial - restrained from other activities outside their homes
• determinants of one's social status: income, value of assets, amount of savings, cultural interests and hobbies, economic status of peers and relatives
• pre-colonial: maharlika, timawa, alipin
• spanish: peninsulares, insulares, mestizo, indio
• american: equality