1-Zoology

• Zoology


  Branch of Biology that studies the animal kingdom
• What Zoology includes


  • Structure
  • Embryology - study of the development of embryo or zygote
  • Evolution - origin/development/change
  • Classification in taxonomy
  • Habits - different animals have different habitats
  • Distribution of animals
  • Both living & extinct animals
  • How animals interact with their ecosystem
• Organic evolution


  Genetic change
• Genes


  Carry genetic makeup (DNA)
• Subspecies


  Adapt to survive in the same area
• Adaptation


  The housing of animals must be ideal to them for better performance and comfortability
• Giraffe's neck length could be explained by adaptation, as they try to be more resistant
• The more DNA shared, the closer the evolutionary relationship between two species
• Binomial nomenclature


  Developed by Carl Linnaeus, the father of taxonomy, to classify the names of animals
• Levels of classification


  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Symbiosis


  Ecological relationship between organisms of different species
• Types of symbiotic relationships

  • Mutualism - both species benefit
  • Commensalism - one benefits, other is unaffected
  • Parasitism - one benefits, other is harmed
• Most organisms that are now extinct or endangered are a result of human activity
• Aristotle


  Father of Biology and Zoology, Greek philosopher and scientist who contributed vast quantities of information about the variety, structure, and behavior of animals, the analysis of the parts of living organisms, and the beginnings of the science of taxonomy
• Famous scientists and their contributions

  • Dr. Edward Jenner - smallpox treatment
  • Louis Pasteur - anthrax vaccine
  • Robert Koch - anthrax and tuberculosis
  • Jonas Salk - polio injection vaccine
  • Albert Sabin - oral polio vaccine
  • Alexander Fleming - discovered penicillin
  • Paul Ehrlich - early development of chemotherapy
  • Marie Francois Bichat - discovered organisms were made of tissues
  • Rene Dutrochet & Robert Hooke - discovered cell as basis of tissues
  • Carolus Linnaeus - binomial system for identifying and naming organisms
• Theories of evolution and genetics

  • Jean Lamarck and Charles Darwin
  • Gregor Mendel, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Barbara McClintock
• Specializations in Zoology


  • Anatomy - study of forms and structures of animals
  • Cytology - study of structures and functions of cell
  • Ecology - study of interaction of animal with the environment
  • Embryology - study of development of an animal
  • Genetics - study of mechanism of transmission of traits
  • Histology - study of tissue
  • Molecular Biology - study of subcellular details of cell structure and function
  • Parasitology - study of animals that live in or on the organism
  • Physiology - study of function of organism and their parts
  • Systematics - study of the classification and evolutionary interrelationships among animal groups
• Zoology subdisciplines by taxonomic categories

  • Entomology - study of insects
  • Herpetology - study of amphibians & reptiles
  • Ichthyology - study of fishes
  • Mammalogy - study of mammals
  • Ornithology - study of birds
  • Protozoology - study of protozoa