Test 2

• Testosterone


  derived from the cholesterol of testes
• Estrogen and progesterone 


  derived from the cholesterol of ovaries
• Proteins 


  building blocks of life which contain amino acids
• Myosin and Actin 


  responsible for the muscle cell contraction
• Collagen


  most abundant protein in the human body and is the substance that hold the whole body together
• Essential Amino Acids 


  cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from the food
• Non-essential Amino Acid 


  Amino acids that can be made by human and so is not essential to the human diet
• Conditional Amino Acids 


  usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress
• Genetics 


  The study of genes and heredity--of how certain qualities or traits are passed
• Gene


  used to pass traits from parent to offspring (ex. eye color)
• Alleles


  gene forms for a hereditary trait (ex. blue vs. brown)
• Punnett Square 


  A grid formed by 4 squares used as a way to predict a trait or genotype that comes from two different people or organisms
• Homozygous 


  having two of the same allele (ex. RR or rr); purebred
• Heterozygous


  having two different alleles for a certain trait (ex. Rr)
• Recessive 


  hidden or masked gene
• Dominant


  expressed gene
• Phenotype


  an organism's physical characteristics
• Genotype 


  an organism's actual genetic composition
• Dominant Alleles 


  this are represented by a capital letter
• Recessive Alleles


  are represented by a lowercase letters
• DNA

  Deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning organisms
• Replication

  the DNA double chain "unzips" and a new complementary strand is formed for each "unzipped" strand, creating two double chains
• Transcription 


  RNA for protein synthesis is created from DNA
• Replication 


  the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division
• Transcription


  first step of gene expression, info in a strand of DNA copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries the info needed for protein synthesis
• Translation 


  the process of protein synthesis by ribosomes
• AUG


  the start codon
• UGA, UAA, UAG 


  stop codons
• Domain 


  highest level constitutes three domains of life
• Kingdom


  The second most level constitutes five kingdoms
• Phylum


  a group of related classes
• Class


  a group of related orders
• Order 


  a group of related families
• Kingdom Monera 


  the only prokaryotic kingdom out of all the kingdoms
• Kingdom Protista 


  Unicellular eukaryotes that are neither animals nor plants, nor fungi, but are believed to be the common ancestral link between them
• Kingdom Fungi


  responsible for the breakdown of organic matter which releases carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen into the soil as well as the atmosphere
• Kingdom Plantae (Non-vascular)


  Has no phloem or xylem (tubes to transport nutrients, water and food)
• Bryophytes 


  mostly mosses, no roots, leaves, or stems; reproduces by spores
• Vascular


  Seed plants
• Pteridophytes 


  mostly ferns, flowerless, seedless; only have a roots, stem and fronds