Module 1 - STS

• v Ancient Period

  üSumerian Civilization

  üBabylonian Civilization

  üEgyptian Civilization

  üGreek Civilization

  üRoman Civilization

  üChinese Civilization
• vthey make difficult and complicated tasks easier and allow people to do more with so little effort and time.

  science and technology
• The driving force behind this continuous progress is the desire to raise the quality of life of the people.
• In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics, and architecture.
• SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

  Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotmia.

  Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things

  They are not contented with the basic things that life can offer. This desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology.
• One of the major contribution of the Sumerians is the development of the first writing system known as cuneiform.
• It is a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.

  CUNEIFORM
• Cuneiform allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value or their everyday life.
• vIt is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world but also for the way it was erected.

  URUK CITY
• The Sumerians were able to build the Uruk city using only mud or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sunbaked bricks (a true engineering feat.
• The ziggurat, also called the mountain of God, was built in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk.
• vThe ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief God, where only their priest were allowed to enter.

  vThe temple showcases not only the elaborate and intricate Sumarians architecture but also the remarkable technology used to build it.
• It was difficult to get water from the rivers, thus they could not maintain farmlands.As population increased, so did the demand for food. The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce food items but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative. Some groups had scarce water supply, while others had problems with flooding caused by the river.

  IRRIGATION AND DIKES
• vThe Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers.

  Irrigation and Dikes
• vThis method was considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works.

  vThrough the dikes and canals, the Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting, which increased their food production.

  Irrigation and Dikes
• vThe main mode of transformation was through waterways such as rivers and seas

  sailbot
• vSailboats were essential in transportation and trading as well in fostering culture, information, and technology.
• vThe first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes.
• vIn the latter part of their history, the Sumerians were able to invent the wheel since the specialized tools needed to create it were already available.
• vThe plow was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace. As it breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the seed and farm work would already be done.
• vThey made the roads with the same technology they used in making the sunbaked bricks that they laid down on the ground.
• bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the roads.
• vThe invention of roads was very useful especially during the rainy season when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved to be too difficult.
• Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
• vThe Babylonians were great builders, engineers, and architects.
• vOne of their major contributions is the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
• vThe structure made up of layers upon layers of  gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines. -Hanging Gardens of Babylon

  vThe great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis.
• vEgyptian civilization located in North Africa.
• vMay stories tell about the engineering feats of the Egyptians especially regarding the infrastructures established by the pharaohs.

  egyptian civilization
• vThe Egyptian invention of the paper or papyrus was a welcome development.
• vPapyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt.
• vThe invention was a major accomplishment in Egyptian record-keeping and communications.

  paper or papyrus
• vThe Egyptian invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors.
• vThe ink must withstand the elements of nature since it was used to record history, culture, and codified laws.
• vLike the Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols, known as hieroglyphics.
• vHieroglyphics was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians.
• vTheir function in ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons.

  cosmetics
• vTheir function in ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons.

  vEgyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases.

  vKohl was created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena
• vEgyptians also believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness
• vWigs are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding or those who want to try new hair trends.

  vDuring the ancient Egyptian times, it is were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetics purposes.