Eastern Perspectives

• Edman and Kameoka (as cited by Andres (1987))

  EDUCATION

  Educated Filipino women: more individualistic

  Less educated Filipino women: more collectivistic
• Edman and Kameoka (as cited by Andres (1987))

  SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS

  Middle class Filipino women: more competitive

  Lower class Filipino women: collectivistic
• BUDDHISM

  Annatta/Anatman: no-self

  - to avoid harmful worldly thoughts
• BUDDHISM

  If you die, you die. But whatever behaviors you do will exist.
• BUDDHISM

  Nothing in this world is permanent
• BUDDHISM

  KARMA is an action driven by intention which leads to future consequences.

  It reminds us to “do no harm”.
• CONFUCIANISM

  The self as the center of relationships
• CONFUCIANISM

  The self as dynamic (spiritual)
• CONFUCIANISM

  "But how can we be truly human?"

  To be truly human, one must be compassionate.
• TAOISM - Chinese philosophy (& religion) attributed  to Lao Tzu
• TAOISM emphasizes doing what is natural and "going with the flow" in accordance with the Tao (or Dao)
• Tao = a cosmic force which flows through all things and binds and releases them.
• There is no ultimate knowledge of the self.
• In Taoism, the self is a process (of knowing).
• TAOISM

  • When you are ready, you will learn (chi)
  • Highlights the natural course of things (tai chi)
• YIN/YANG is a balance between darkness & light / good & bad
• According to HINDUISM, there is a soul; the self is reincarnated.
• • Brahman: universe (everything)
  • Atman: Sanskrit word which means inner self or soul.
• Reincarnation is when the soul, which is seen as eternal and part of a spiritual realm, returns to the physical realm in a new body.
• Reincarnation: A soul will complete this cycle many times, learning new things each time and working through its karma.
• Samsara is known as the cycle of reincarnation 
• HINDUISM

  • Self realization and freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth is the final goal.
• HINDUISM

  • The goal of life is to attain salvation (moksha)
  • There is only one God, but in many forms.
  • Time is circular, rather than linear.
  • Wealth is not a sin.
• Illness is due to the chakras (“wheel”; rotating & spinning)

  • A healthy, balanced person has all 7 chakras that provide exactly the right amount of energy to every part of the body, mind and spirit.
• Meditation exercise

  • Yoga - experiencing life through the body (spiritual & physical) different movements is a prayer.
  • uses breathing techniques, exercise and meditation to improve health and happiness.
• Chakra – sanskrit for “wheel”; from the spine to the head
• ISLAM - The self as a way of life
• ISLAM

  • Complete submission to the will of God.
  • Pray 5 times a day
  • Serve god, promote peace (even to the nonfaithful)
• There is no God except Allah (not referred to as him / man.
• • Men can marry/have several wives, provided he will be just to all.
  • For men to be just & save his soul, he must marry 1 (Q’oran / Koran)
• CHRISTIANITY

  • The self is achieved only by following Jesus’ teachings.
  • Jesus Christ was the Son of God – fully human and fully divine – and that through believing in him and following his teachings they can inherit eternal life.
• There are three basic streams of Christianity: Orthodox, Protestant and Roman Catholic.