Lesson 1

• Scientific method, a systematic approach to research
• qualitative, consisting of general observations about the system
• quantitative, comprimising numbers by various measurements of the system
• What is the first step in scientific method

  define the problem
• What is the 2nd step in scientific method

  Making observations / collecting data
• What is the third step in scientific method

  interpretation
• the scientist attempts to explain the observed phenomenon

  Interpretation
• Based on the data gathered, the researcher will formulate a hypothesis
• hypothesis, a tentative explanation for a set of observations
• After a large amount of data has been collected, it is often desirable to summarize the information in a concise way
• a law is a concise verbal or mathematical statement of a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions
• Observation deals with events in the macroscopic world
• Representation is a scientific shorthand for describing an experiment in symbols and chemical equations
• A theory is a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and/or those laws that are based on them
• If a theory is disproved by experiment, then it must be discarded or modified
• It took more than 200 years to work out this fundamental principle of chemistry proposed by democritus
• What are the two types of elementary particles

  1. bosons
  2. fermions
• building blocks of matter to be constructed from fermions
• bosons are particles responsible for the force that holds the fermions together
• the greater the number of these bosons, the greater the interaction will be with the field
• One of the original physicists to propose the Higgs Boson

  Peter Higgs
• This theory ignited a frantic search for the "Higgs Boson" that became on of the most heralded quests in modern science
• Was constructed to carry out experiments designed to fine evidence for Higgs Boson

  large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva Switzerland
• It takes about 1 trillion proton-proton collisions to produce one Higgs boson event
• Matter anything that occupies space and has mass
• Substance is a form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition and distinct properties
• Mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substancesretain their distinct identities
• A homogeneous mixture in which the composition of the mixture is the same throughout
• A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is not uniform
• Element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means
• For convenience, chemists use symbols of one or two letters to represent the elements
• Compound, a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions
• What are the three states of matter

  Solid, liquid, and gas
• Physical property can be measured and observed without changing the composition or identity of a substance
• Extensive property depends on how much matter is being considered
• Mass is the quantity of matter in a given sample of substance
• More matter means more mass
• Intensive property does not depend on how much matter is being considered
• Macroscopic properties, which can be determined directly
• Microscopic properties, on the atomic or molecular scale, must be determined by an indirect method