Topic 3: Exchange

• What are alveoli?


  Small air sacs found in the lungs at the end of bronchioles that provide a large surface area for gas exchange.
• What is the function of amylases?

  They hydrolyze polysaccharides.
• What is an antiporter?

  A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in opposite directions.
• What is the aorta?

  The main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure.
• What is an arteriole?


  A smaller type of blood vessel that connects arteries with capillaries.
• What is the function of an artery?


  It carries blood away from the heart.
• What is the role of an atrium in the heart?

  It receives blood directly from a vein and passes it on to a ventricle.
• What are bile salts?


  Molecules found in the small intestine that assist in the coagulation of lipids.
• What are bronchi?


  The two airways branching out from the trachea that lead to the smaller bronchioles.
• What are bronchioles?


  Small airways that branch out from the bronchi and end at the alveoli.
• What is a capillary?

  A very small blood vessel with thin walls and a small diameter used for substance exchange in tissues.
• What is a capillary bed?


  A network of many different capillaries that supply the tissues with blood.
• What is the coronary artery?


  The main artery that supplies the heart tissue with blood.
• What is co-transport?


  A type of membrane transport mechanism involving two different molecules moving across a cell membrane.
• What is the diaphragm?


  A large sheet of muscle below the lungs used to create pressure changes necessary for ventilation.
• What are endopeptidases?


  A class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds within polypeptides.
• What are exopeptidases?


  A class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds at the end of proteins.
• What are external intercostal muscles?

  A set of muscles found between the ribs on the outside that are involved in forced and quiet inhalation.
• What are gill filaments?


  Small divisions of the gills in fish that extend off the gill arch.
• What are gill lamellae?

  Small protrusions on the gill filaments designed to increase the surface area available for gas exchange.
• What is haemoglobin?


  A protein found in red blood cells that is specialized to carry oxygen to the tissues.
• What are internal intercostal muscles?


  A set of muscles found between the ribs on the inside that are involved in forced exhalation.
• What is the left atrium?

  The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it on to the left ventricle.
• What is the left ventricle?

  The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the rest of the body.
• What is lipase?


  A class of enzymes that hydrolyze lipids.
• What are membrane-bound dipeptidases?

  A class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyze dipeptides into singular amino acids.
• What are membrane-bound disaccharidases?

  A class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyze disaccharides into monosaccharides.
• What are micelles?


  An organized group of lipid molecules that aggregate together to provide a hydrophobic capsule for the uptake of lipids.
• What is phloem?


  A type of tissue found in plants used to transport organic substances from where they are made to where they are needed.
• What is positive cooperativity?


  Conformational changes caused by the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin that increase the ability of haemoglobin to bind more oxygen.
• What is the pulmonary artery?

  The main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation.
• What is the pulmonary vein?

  The main vein that carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs and back to the heart.
• What is the renal artery?

  The main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys from the heart.
• What is the renal vein?

  The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys back to the heart.
• What is the right atrium?

  The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood directly from the vena cava and passes it on to the right ventricle.
• What is the right ventricle?

  The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation.
• What are spiracles?


  Small openings on the surface of insects that allow for the exchange of gases with their environment.
• What is spongy mesophyll?

  A type of loosely packed mesophyll tissue with air pockets found in plant leaves which is specialized for gas exchange.
• What are stomata?


  Small holes found on leaves that can be opened or closed by guard cells to control the amount of water loss and gas exchange.
• What is a symporter?

  A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in the same direction.