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• What is the definition of personality?


  Enduring traits and patterns that drive individuals to think, feel, and behave consistently.
• Why is personality considered long-term and stable?


  Because it is resistant to change and reflects a unique pattern of behavior.
• What is the etymology of the term "personality"?


  It comes from the Latin term "persona," meaning a mask.
• How did ancient masks relate to the concept of personality?


  Masks represented or projected specific traits of a character rather than hiding identity.
• What were Hippocrates' four temperaments linked to?


  • Choleric: yellow bile, liver
  • Melancholic: black bile, kidneys
  • Sanguine: blood, heart
  • Phlegmatic: phlegm, lungs
• Who expanded on Hippocrates' theory of personality traits?


  Galen, a Greek physician and philosopher.
• What did Galen link to personality differences?


  Imbalances in the four humors associated with the four temperaments.
• What are the characteristics of the four temperaments according to Galen?


  • Choleric: passionate, ambitious, bold
  • Melancholic: reserved, anxious, unhappy
  • Sanguine: joyful, eager, optimistic
  • Phlegmatic: calm, reliable, thoughtful
• What did Franz Gall develop?


  Phrenology, the study of skull bumps to reveal personality traits.
• Why was phrenology later discredited?


  Due to lack of empirical support and being classified as pseudoscience.
• What was Immanuel Kant's contribution to temperament theory?


  • Agreed with Galen's four temperaments
  • Believed in categorizing people into one temperament with no overlap
  • Created a list of traits for each temperament
• What did Wilhelm Wundt suggest about temperament?


  • Two axes: Emotional/Nonemotional and Changeable/Unchangeable
  • Emotionality: measures intensity and quality of emotional responses
  • Changeability: assesses how quickly a person's mood can change
• What does the iceberg metaphor represent in Freud's theory?


  It illustrates that only a small part of the mind is conscious, while most is unconscious.
• What are the three systems of the mind according to Freud?


  Id, Ego, and Superego.
• What are the characteristics of the Id?


  • Basic biological drives and desires
  • Present from birth
  • Operates on the pleasure principle
• What is the role of the Superego?


  • Acts as our conscience and moral compass
  • Strives for perfection and judges behavior
  • Generates feelings of pride or guilt
• What is the function of the Ego?


  • Mediates between the Id and Superego
  • Operates on the reality principle
  • Balances desires with social norms
• How do the Id and Superego conflict?


  The Id desires instant gratification, while the Superego imposes moral standards.
• What can result from an imbalance between the Id and Superego?


  Neurosis and unhealthy behaviors can arise from such imbalances.
• What are defense mechanisms according to Freud?


  • Unconscious strategies used by the ego
  • Manage anxiety from conflicts between the Id and Superego
  • Protect the ego from being overwhelmed
• What is repression as a defense mechanism?


  • Suppressing painful thoughts or memories
  • Example: Forgetting a traumatic event
• What is denial as a defense mechanism?


  • Refusing to acknowledge reality or facts
  • Example: Ignoring evidence of a problem
• What is projection as a defense mechanism?


  • Attributing one's own unacceptable feelings to others
  • Example: Believing others are angry at you when you are actually angry at them
• What is displacement as a defense mechanism?


  • Redirecting emotions from a threatening target to a safer one
  • Example: Taking out frustration from work on a family member
• What is sublimation as a defense mechanism?


  • Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities
  • Example: Engaging in competitive sports to channel aggression
• What is rationalization as a defense mechanism?


  • Justifying unacceptable behavior in a rational manner
  • Example: Saying you didn’t want a job you were passed over for
• What is reaction formation as a defense mechanism?


  • Expressing the opposite of one's true feelings
  • Example: Being overly friendly to someone you dislike
• What is intellectualization as a defense mechanism?


  • Using logic to avoid dealing with emotional aspects
  • Example: Focusing on technical details rather than emotional impact
• What is regression as a defense mechanism?


  • Reverting to behaviors typical of an earlier stage of development
  • Example: Throwing a temper tantrum as an adult
• What are the psychosexual stages of development according to Freud?


  Stages include Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital.
• What is the focus of the Oral Stage in psychosexual development?


  • Erogenous Zone: Mouth
  • Pleasure from sucking, biting, and chewing
  • Conflict: Weaning from breast or bottle
• What is the focus of the Anal Stage in psychosexual development?


  • Erogenous Zone: Anus
  • Pleasure from bowel and bladder control
  • Conflict: Toilet training
• What is the focus of the Phallic Stage in psychosexual development?


  • Erogenous Zone: Genitals
  • Awareness of body differences
  • Conflicts: Oedipus and Electra complexes
• What is the focus of the Latency Period in psychosexual development?


  • Not considered a stage; sexual feelings are dormant
  • Focus on skills, hobbies, friendships, and gender-role identity
• What is the focus of the Genital Stage in psychosexual development?


  • Erogenous Zone: Genitals
  • Reawakening of sexual urges
  • Mature sexual interests and relationships
• What did Freud believe about the influence of early childhood experiences?


  They significantly shape our personalities and behaviors as adults.
• What is the main agreement among Neo-Freudians regarding personality?


  • Childhood experiences are crucial
  • Focus on social and cultural factors rather than solely on sexual drives
• What is Alfred Adler's main contribution to personality theory?


  • Focused on social influences and feelings of inferiority
  • Founded Individual Psychology emphasizing striving for superiority
• What is the main focus of NEO-FREUDIANS compared to Freud?


  Focus on social and cultural factors rather than solely on sexual drives
• How did Alfred Adler's view differ from Freud's regarding motivations?


  Adler focused on social influences and feelings of inferiority instead of sexual motivations