REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF OF MAMMALS AND AVIAN SPECIES

• Fertility- the capacity to reproduce successfully (both male and female).
• Infertility- refers to temporary loss of fertility
• Hypothalamus -portion of the brain found in the floor of the ventricle that regulates reproduction, hunger, body temperature and other functions.
• Anterior pituitary (AP) or adenohypophysis- part of the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain that produces several hormones ( including gonadotropins)
• Corpus luteum - yellowish body in the mammalian ovary developed from follicular cells which secretes progesterone.
• Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)- cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testicle that produce testosterone.
• Gonad - one of the two testes of a male or ovaries of female; organ which produce sex cells.
• Gonatotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)- hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that acts on the AP to release gonadotropins(LH and FSH).
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- gonadotrophic hormone produced and released by the AP That stimulates the production of estrogens, development of ovarian follicles (together with In female and spermatogenesis in male.
• Testosterone - male sex hormone that stimulates the accessory sex glands,male sex drive,and development of male secondary sex characteristics
• Estrogen - hormone (including estradiol, estriol and estrone) produced mainly in the ovary and placenta responsible for female to come physiologically into heat and to be receptive to the male; cyclic change of female tubular genital tract; secondary female sex characteristics.
• Progesterone- hormone produced by the CL and also at the placenta mainly responsible for progestational proliferation in the uterus for implantation and pregnancy maintenance, mammary and uterine gland development
• Sexual maturity- time/age reached when the gametes become capable of fertilization. State of full reproductive capacity.
• Estrous cycle - rhythmic sexual behavior patterns develop in female animals during puberty. Also known as the “heat cycle” or the time from one heat to the next. Polyestrous refers to animals which have several estrous cycles per year of breeding season.
• Ovulation - the rupture of ripe/matured follicle as a response to L:H surge, shedding or releasing g the ovum.
• Superovulation - the production and release of more ova (multiple ovulation) at a single estrus, as performed in embryo transfer.
• Copulation or Coitus - the act of sexual intercourse where semen of the male is deposited in the reproductive tract of female during mating or breeding service.
• Libido - male sex drive.
• Semen - a mixture of sperm and accessory gland fluids.
• Flehmen - behavior of male animals associated with courtship and sexual activity. Ex. Dogs, Bulls and rams smelling the urine of female in heat, stallion curling its lip upwards.
• Insemination - the deposition of semen in the female reproductive tract, it can be natural or artificial.
• Offspring (progeny) - animals born to a parent, descendants, either the first or a later generation;
• Neonate - refers to newborn animal or a young
• Fetus - refers to prenatal stage after fetal membranes (placenta) become functional or beyond the embryo stage
• Sib or siblings animals with same parents like a brother/sister
• male reprod system

  testes (mass coiled tube) produce sperm (tamod) > matured sperm accumulate in collecting ducts > epididymis > sperm duct or vas deferen > urethra > penis > out
• Fem reprod system

  • follicle - cluster of egg, surrounds and nourishes each ovum
• Fem reprod system

  Ovulation > estrus > gestation > parturition > lactation
• Length of gestation period

  • cow - 275 to 285 days,
  • ewe - 142 to 150 days
  • sow - 112 to 114 days
  • mare - 330 to 345 days
  • woman - 270 days
• Length of lactation

  • cow(beef) - 180 to 270 days
  • cow (dairy) - 305 to 365 days
  • ewe - 60 to 90 to 120 days
  • sow - 21 to 42 days
  • mare - 90 to 150 days
  • woman - ? years
• Estrous period length

  • cow - 12 to 18 hrs
  • ewe - 24 to 36 hrs
  • sow - 48 to 72 hrs
  • mare - 90 to 170 hrs
  • women and hen - none
• Estrous cycle

  • cow - 19 to 21 days
  • ewe - 16 to 17 days
  • sow - 19 to 21 days
  • mare - 21 to 24 days
  • women - 28 days
  • hen - none
• Length of pregnancy

  cow - 282 days

  ewe - 148 days

  sow - 115 days

  mare - 335 days
• FORMATION OF EGG and TIME SPENT IN SECTIONS (nakaarrange na yan by order)

  • ovary - egg yolk deposition
  • infundibulum ( 15 mins) - capture and fertilization of ovum
  • white isthmus ( 1 hr ) - deposition of eggshell membranes.
  • magnum (3 hrs) - secretion of egg white proteins
  • uterus/shell gland (21 hrs) - egg shell formation
  • vagina/cloaca (few mins) - oviposition of egg.
• Accessory glands

  • seminal vesicles - produce semen
  • prostate gland - produce alkaline secretion, neutralizes acidity in urethra and vagina
  • cowper‘s gland - traps semen, to prevent other male to fertilize an already mated female
• Approx time egg spend in this section

  • infundibulum - 15 mins
  • magnum - 3 hrs
  • isthmus - 1 hr
  • shell gland - 21 hrs
  • cloaca - few mins