21st Century

• REVIEWER IN 21ST CENTURTY LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES AND WORLD
• Features of 21st Century


  • January 1, 2001- December 31,2100
  • Technology allows 24/7 access to information, constant social interaction, and easily created and shared digital content
  • "Century of Invention", "Technological Developments", and "globalization"
• Why 21st-Century Literature?


  Simply because SHS students were all born in or just before the 21st Century. This century is their century. For them, the 20th Century is what the 19th century is to us, teachers.
• Characteristics of the 21st Century Literature


  • Borderless
  • Fearless
  • Symbolic
  • Inventive
  • Fluid
• Why Study Literature?


  • Understanding social media
  • Understanding culture
  • Understanding Humans
  • Nature and behavior
  • Developing historical sense
  • Relish aesthetics of artistic expression
• What is Literature?


  Literature is an attempt to mirror life<|>It refers to any textual form of acceptable cognitive and or affective expression that represents a man's past experiences and future expectations<|>It is a product of imagination, originality, style of expression, thoughts, emotions and feelings, idea, etc.
• Functions of Literature


  • For Documentation
  • For Transmission
  • For Entertainment
  • For Expression
  • For call to action
  • For critical thinking
• Characteristics of the Pre-Spanish Period

  • Their folk speeches
  • Folk songs
  • Folk narratives
  • Indigenous rituals
  • Mimetic Dances
• Predominantly a reflection of the indigenous culture and traditions of the land
• They used knives for inscribing Tagalog script
• The literature thus preserved was limited to the seventeen basic symbols of the language
• The people of Manila and native groups within the Philippines used to write on bamboo and the Arecaceae palm
• Philippine Literature during the Pre-Hispanic Period

  • Awit (song)
  • Riddle or bugtong
  • Corrido
  • Sawikain
  • Epic or epiko
  • Bulong (chants)
  • Kasabihan or sayings
  • Tanaga
  • Ambahan
• Spanish Literature Influences on the Philippine Literature

  • Alibata
  • Christian doctrine
  • Spanish became the literacy language this time
  • European legend and traditions
  • Ancient Literature was collected and translates to Tagalog
  • Grammar books were printed in Filipino
  • Religious tone
• The First Books


  • The Doctrina Christiana
  • Nuestra Senora del Rosario
  • Libros de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre
  • Ang Barlaan at Josephat
  • Pasion
  • Urbana at Felisa
  • Ang mga Dalit kay Maria ( Psalms of Mary)
• Philippine Literature during Spanish Period

  • Pasyon
  • Senakulo
  • Komedya
  • Carillo
  • Religious Drama (Panuluyan)
• The Re-Orientation Period (1898-1910)
• English as a literary vehicle came with the American occupation in August 13, 1898 and as they say, a choice bestowed on us by history
• By 1900, English came to be used as a medium of transaction in the public schools. From the American forces were recruited the first teachers of English
• By 1908, the primary and intermediate grades were using English. Its was also about the time when UP, the forerunner in the use of English in higher education was founded
• The Apprenticeship or the Period of Imitation (1910-1925)
• Characteristics of the Period

  • Filipino student writers learned the language and tried to produce theri pieces patterned after the foreign models
  • Literary pieces of study were made by foreign authors
  • Filipino writers imitated American and English writers
  • More essays, short stories, and poems in English appeared
  • Tales of Romance and adventures
  • Short story anthologies
  • Essays matured earlier in the milieu of social, economic, and political developments and projected Philippine customs and traditions
  • Plays were highly emotional rather than intellectual experiences
• Poetic Styles (American Regime)


  • Free Verse
  • New Criticism
• The Emergence Period or the Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941)
• Characteristics of the Period

  • Time of self-discovery and rapid growth
  • Period of original works with more control of the language
  • Writer's experimentation with forms of techniques
  • Writers set out to create a national literature. One that reflects the Filipino way of life, the traditional values
  • The Bureau of Education publishes Philippine prose and poetry, prescribed as a highschool textbook
  • The period shifted from romantic idealism to romantic realism
• Example


  • Banaag at Sikat ni Lope K. Santos
  • Pinaglahuan ni Faustino Aguilar
• JAPANESE PERIOD
• During this time, there was no freedom of speech and of the press
• Victoria Abelardo has described Filipino writing during the Japanese occupation as being pessimistic and bitter
• Underground radio program called "Voice of Freedom"
• The weekly Liwayway was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by a Japanese named Ishiwara
• Filipino literature was given a break during this period
• POST-WAR PERIOD(FIRST DECADE-THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM) (1946-1970)
• Characteristics of the Period

  • The early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of "struggle of mind and spirit" posed by the sudden emancipation from the enemy, and the wild desire to see print
  • In 1946,the Barangay Writer's Project whose aim was to publish works in English by Filipinos was established
  • Newspapers and magazine publications were re-opened like the Bulaklak, Liwayway, Ilang-Ilang, and Sinag Tala
• PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)
• Youth activism in 1970-1972 was due to domestic and worldwide causes, writes Pociano Pineda. The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. Literature showed reverence for the poor at its peak during this period. Activists were imprisoned in military camps with rebel writers. Known as "Period of Bloody Placards"
• PERIOD OF NEW SOCIETY (1972-1981)
• Characteristics of the Period

  • Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or progress of the country – like the Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug addiction and pollution
  • The New Society tried to stop pornography or those writings giving bad influences on the morals of the people
  • The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and poetry
  • The short stories, like the novels and plays were no different in style from those written before the onset of activism
• PERIOD OF THE THRID REPUBLIC (1981-1986)
• Characteristics of the Period

  • During this period, Senator Benigno S. Aqiuno Jr., the idol of the Filipino masses, whom they hoped to be the next president, was brutally murdered on August 21, 1983
  • Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for literature (1950) - recognition of the best in the literary fields
  • Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary
  • The people's love for sex films was unabated
  • Opposition tabloids flourished and was called as "mosquito press". News – "political pornography"